Anomalies in Relational Model (original) (raw)
Last Updated : 18 Apr, 2026
Anomalies in DBMS are caused by poor management of storing everything in the flat database, lack of normalization, data redundancy, and improper use of primary or foreign keys. These issues result in inconsistencies during insert, update, or delete operations, leading to data integrity problems.
Anomalies in DBMS
**1. Insertion Anomaly
An insertion anomaly occurs when it is not possible to insert data into a database because some required information is missing or incomplete.
**Example:
If a database requires every record to have a primary key, and no value is provided for that key, the record cannot be inserted into the table.
2. Deletion Anomaly
A deletion anomaly occurs when deleting a record unintentionally results in the loss of other important data.
**Example:
If a database contains information about customers and their orders, deleting a customer record may also delete all the orders associated with that customer, leading to loss of valuable information.
3. Update Anomaly
An update anomaly occurs when modifying data in a database leads to inconsistencies because the same data is stored in multiple places.
**Example:
If a database contains employee salary information in multiple records, and the salary is updated in one record but not in others, it may result in incorrect calculations and reporting.
**Note: These anomalies can be removed with the process of Normalization, which generally splits the database which results in reducing the anomalies in the database.
Example:
**STUDENT Table:
| **STUD_NO | **STUD_NAME | **STUD_PHONE | **STUD_STATE | **STUD-COUNTRY | **STUD_AGE |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | John | 2139716271 | Los Angeles | California | 20 |
| 2 | Robert | 7139898291 | Houston | Texas | 19 |
| 3 | Jack | 6027898291 | Phoenix | Arizona | 18 |
| 4 | David | 2069816543 | Seattle | Washington | 21 |
**STUDENT_COURSE:
| **STUD_NO | **COURSE_NO | **COURSE_NAME |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | C1 | DBMS |
| 2 | C2 | Computer Networks |
| 1 | C2 | Computer Networks |
**Note: Deleting the record would violate the foreign key constraint, which ensures data consistency between the two tables.
**Removal of Anomalies
Anomalies in DBMS are removed using normalization, which organizes data into well-structured tables to reduce redundancy and maintain data integrity.
According to E. F. Codd, normalization:
- Eliminates repeated data
- Removes insertion, deletion, and update anomalies
- Establishes proper relationships between tables
**Note: After normalization, the database becomes more structured, reducing the likelihood of insertion, update and deletion anomalies.