less command in Linux (original) (raw)

Last Updated : 22 Jan, 2026

The less command in Linux is used to view the contents of a file one page at a time without opening it in an editor, making it ideal for reading large files efficiently.

• It allows you to scroll forward and backward through a file.
• It does not load the entire file into memory, making it faster for large files.
• You can search for specific text within the file using /pattern.
• It provides navigation shortcuts (e.g., Space for next page, b for previous page, q to quit).
• Commonly used to view log files, configuration files, or command outputs (cat filename | less or less filename)

Using 'less' with Pipelines

The less command can also be used in conjunction with other commands through pipelines. This allows us to view the output of a command directly in the less pager.

**Note: I'm using dmesg output as input to less command in the following examples.

**For Example:

If you want to read the contents of dmesg command, it's better to use it with fewer command

dmesg | less

**Output:

**Syntax:

less [options] filename

• Here, `filename` represents the name of the file we want to view using the `less` command.
• The less command provides several options that modify its behavior. Here are some commonly used options:

Examples of `less` command in Linux

Let's look at a few examples to illustrate the usage of the less command with different options.

1. Searching for a pattern

dmesg | less -p "fail"

The above command tells less to start at first occurrence of pattern "fail" in the file and displaying the file from that point.

**Output:

2. Displaying line number

The -N option displays line numbers along with the file content, allowing you to reference specific lines easily.

dmesg | less -N

**Output:

3. Checking a small file

The file `/home//Mandeep/test/first.erl` is small enough to fit on a single screen. The `-F` option causes less to exit immediately without displaying the file since it can be fully shown in one go.

**Command:

less -F /home/Mandeep/test/first.erl

Commonly Used Options in`less`command

Here are the most commonly used and practical options of the less command in Linux:

• **-E: Automatically exits when the end of the file is reached.
• **-f: Forces opening of non-regular files (such as special files).
• **-F: Exits immediately if the entire file fits on the first screen.
• **-g: Highlights only the last searched string.
• **-G: Disables highlighting of all search matches.
• **-i: Ignores case while searching (case-insensitive search).
• **-n: Hides line numbers in the output.
• **-p pattern: Opens the file at the first occurrence of the specified pattern.
• **-s: Combines multiple consecutive blank lines into a single blank line.