Merge Sort in Python (original) (raw)

Last Updated : 30 Oct, 2025

Merge Sort is one of the most efficient and stable sorting algorithms based on the Divide and Conquer technique. It divides an input array into two halves, recursively sorts them, and then merges the two sorted halves using a function called merge().

The key function, merge(arr, l, m, r), assumes that both halves **arr[l..m] (left half) and **arr[m+1..r] (right half) are already sorted and merges them into one sorted array.

How Merge Sort Works

Here’s the step-by-step breakdown:

1. **Divide: Recursively split the array into two halves until each subarray has only one element.
2. **Conquer: Sort each subarray individually (they’re already sorted if they contain one element).
3. **Merge: Combine the sorted subarrays into a single sorted array in the correct order.

Illustration of Merge Sort:

Let’s sort the array or list **[38, 27, 43, 10] using Merge Sort

Let’s look at the working of above example:

Divide:

• **[38, 27, 43, 10] is divided into [38, 27 ] and [43, 10] .
• **[38, 27] is divided into [38] and [27] .
• **[43, 10] is divided into [43] and [10] .

Conquer:

• **[38] is already sorted.
• **[27] is already sorted.
• **[43] is already sorted.
• **[10] is already sorted.

Merge:

• Merge [38] and [27] to get [27, 38] .
• Merge [43] and [10] to get [10,43] .
• Merge [27, 38] and [10,43] to get the final sorted list [10, 27, 38, 43]

Therefore, the sorted list is [10, 27, 38, 43].

Python Implementation

Python `

def merge(arr, l, m, r): n1 = m - l + 1 n2 = r - m

L = [0] * n1
R = [0] * n2

for i in range(n1):
    L[i] = arr[l + i]
for j in range(n2):
    R[j] = arr[m + 1 + j]

i = j = 0
k = l

while i < n1 and j < n2:
    if L[i] <= R[j]:
        arr[k] = L[i]
        i += 1
    else:
        arr[k] = R[j]
        j += 1
    k += 1

while i < n1:
    arr[k] = L[i]
    i += 1
    k += 1
while j < n2:
    arr[k] = R[j]
    j += 1
    k += 1

def mergeSort(arr, l, r): if l < r: m = l + (r - l) // 2 mergeSort(arr, l, m) mergeSort(arr, m + 1, r) merge(arr, l, m, r)

arr = [12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7] print("Given array is:", arr)

mergeSort(arr, 0, len(arr) - 1) print("Sorted array is:", arr)

`

Output

Given array is: [12, 11, 13, 5, 6, 7] Sorted array is: [5, 6, 7, 11, 12, 13]

**Explanation:

Divide:

• In mergeSort(arr, l, r), the condition if l < r: ensures the array is divided only when it has more than one element.
• The midpoint is calculated as m = l + (r - l) // 2.
• The array is divided into two halves by recursive calls:
  mergeSort(arr, l, m) → sorts the left half.
  mergeSort(arr, m + 1, r) → sorts the right half.

Conquer:

• Each recursive call continues dividing until the subarrays have a single element (automatically sorted).
• Once divided, recursion starts returning — at each level, the two sorted halves are ready to be merged.

Merge:

• The merge(arr, l, m, r) function merges the two sorted halves.
• n1 = m - l + 1 and n2 = r - m calculate the sizes of the left and right subarrays.
• Temporary arrays L and R store these elements using loops.
• Variables i, j, and k are initialized for left array, right array, and merged array indices.
• The loop while i < n1 and j < n2: compares L[i] and R[j], placing the smaller into arr[k].
• After one list is exhausted, remaining elements from L or R are copied back into arr.
• This merging continues recursively until the full array becomes sorted.

Advantages of Merge Sort

• Efficient for large datasets.
• Guarantees O(n log n) performance.
• Stable sorting (preserves order of equal elements).
• Works well with linked lists.

Disadvantages

• Requires additional space (O(n)).
• Slower for small datasets compared to simpler algorithms like Insertion Sort.

Related Articles:

• Quick Sort
• Insertion Sort Algorithm