Page Object Model and Page Factory in Selenium Using Java (original) (raw)

Last Updated : 18 May, 2026

Page Object Model (POM) and Page Factory are design patterns used to improve the structure and maintainability of test automation code. They help organize web elements and actions while keeping test scripts clean and reusable.

• Separates test logic from UI elements for better maintainability.
• Promotes reusability by organizing elements into page classes.
• Improves readability and structure of test automation code.

Implementing Page Object Model (POM) in Selenium

POM implementation involves creating separate classes for each page and using them in test scripts to achieve better structure and reusability.

• Create separate classes for each web page.
• Define web elements and actions inside page classes.
• Use these classes in test scripts for execution.

Step 1: Set Up Eclipse Project

Create a Maven project and add required dependencies for Selenium and TestNG.

• Add Selenium WebDriver dependency for browser automation.
• Add TestNG dependency for test execution.
• Ensure the project builds successfully. XML `

`

Step 2: Create Package for Page Objects

Create a package to store all page classes.

• Go to src/main/java.
• Create a package named pages.
• This package will contain all page object classes.

Step 3: Create a Page Class

Create a class representing the login page and define its elements and actions.

• Define locators for web elements.
• Create methods for actions like login.
• Use a constructor to initialize WebDriver. Java `

package pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.By; import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement;

public class LoginPage { private WebDriver driver; private final String url = "https://www.saucedemo.com/";

// Locators
private By usernameField = By.id("user-name");
private By passwordField = By.id("password");
private By loginButton = By.id("login-button");
private By errorMessage = By.cssSelector("h3[data-test='error']");

// Constructor
public LoginPage(WebDriver driver) {
    this.driver = driver;
}

// Navigate to login page
public void navigateTo() {
    if (!driver.getCurrentUrl().equals(url)) {
        driver.get(url);
    }
}

// Perform login action
public void login(String username, String password) {
    driver.findElement(usernameField).sendKeys(username);
    driver.findElement(passwordField).sendKeys(password);
    driver.findElement(loginButton).click();
}

// Get error message (for invalid login)
public String getErrorMessage() {
    return driver.findElement(errorMessage).getText();
}

}

`

Step 4: Create Package for Test Classes

Create a separate package for test scripts.

• Go to src/test/java.
• Create a package named tests.
• Keeps test logic separate from page objects.

Step 5: Create a Test Class

Create a test class to execute test cases using the page class.

• Initialize WebDriver.
• Use page class methods.
• Write test cases using TestNG. Java `

package tests;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver; import org.testng.Assert; import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod; import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod; import org.testng.annotations.Test; import pages.LoginPage;

public class LoginPageTest { private WebDriver driver; private LoginPage loginPage;

@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
    System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\path of chromedriver\\drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
    loginPage = new LoginPage(driver);
}

@Test
public void testValidLogin() {
    loginPage.navigateTo();
    loginPage.login("standard_user", "secret_sauce");
    
    // Verify successful login by checking URL
    String expectedUrl = "https://www.saucedemo.com/inventory.html";
    Assert.assertEquals(driver.getCurrentUrl(), expectedUrl, "Login failed: URL mismatch");
}

@Test
public void testInvalidLogin() {
    loginPage.navigateTo();
    loginPage.login("invalid_user", "wrong_password");
    
    // Verify error message
    String expectedError = "Epic sadface: Username and password do not match any user in this service";
    Assert.assertEquals(loginPage.getErrorMessage(), expectedError, "Error message mismatch");
}

@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
    if (driver != null) {
        driver.quit();
    }
}

}

`

Step 6: Run Your Tests

Run the test class and verify the output.

• Right-click test class -> Run as TestNG Test.
• Check results in console or TestNG report.
• Verify both valid and invalid test cases.

Page Object Model Output

Page Factory in Selenium

Page Factory is an extension of the Page Object Model (POM) that simplifies the initialization of web elements using built-in Selenium support. It reduces boilerplate code and improves the readability and maintainability of test automation scripts.

• **Automatic Element Initialization: Uses annotations like @FindBy to initialize elements, reducing the need for repeated findElement calls.
• **Cleaner and Readable Code: Separates element locators from test logic, making code more organized and easy to understand.
• **Better Organization: Keeps all web elements structured within page classes for easier management.
• **Improved Maintainability: Changes in locators are handled in one place without affecting test scripts.
• **Efficient Execution: Supports lazy initialization of elements, improving performance by loading elements only when required.

Implementing Page Factory in Selenium

Page Factory simplifies the implementation of Page Object Model (POM) by using annotations to initialize web elements. It reduces code complexity and improves readability.

• Uses @FindBy annotations to define web elements.
• Automatically initializes elements using PageFactory.initElements().
• Reduces repetitive findElement calls and improves code structure.

Step 1: Create Page Factory Class

Create a class (LoginPageFactory) inside the pages package to define elements and actions.

• Use @FindBy to locate elements.
• Initialize elements using PageFactory.
• Define methods for actions like login. Java `

package pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.WebElement; import org.openqa.selenium.support.FindBy; import org.openqa.selenium.support.PageFactory;

public class LoginPageFactory { private WebDriver driver; private final String url = "https://www.saucedemo.com/";

// Web elements using @FindBy
@FindBy(id = "user-name")
private WebElement usernameField;

@FindBy(id = "password")
private WebElement passwordField;

@FindBy(id = "login-button")
private WebElement loginButton;

@FindBy(css = "h3[data-test='error']")
private WebElement errorMessage;

// Constructor
public LoginPageFactory(WebDriver driver) {
    this.driver = driver;
    PageFactory.initElements(driver, this);
}

// Navigate to login page
public void navigateTo() {
    if (!driver.getCurrentUrl().equals(url)) {
        driver.get(url);
    }
}

// Perform login action
public void login(String username, String password) {
    usernameField.sendKeys(username);
    passwordField.sendKeys(password);
    loginButton.click();
}

// Get error message (for invalid login)
public String getErrorMessage() {
    return errorMessage.getText();
}

}

`

Step 2: Create Test Class

Create a test class (LoginPageFactoryTest) to execute test cases using the Page Factory class.

• Initialize WebDriver.
• Use Page Factory class methods.
• Write test cases for valid and invalid login. Java `

package pages;

import org.openqa.selenium.WebDriver; import org.openqa.selenium.chrome.ChromeDriver; import org.testng.Assert; import org.testng.annotations.AfterMethod; import org.testng.annotations.BeforeMethod; import org.testng.annotations.Test;

public class LoginPageFactoryTest { private WebDriver driver; private LoginPageFactory loginPage;

@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
    System.setProperty("webdriver.chrome.driver", "C:\\Users\\change the path of the chromedriver\\drivers\\chromedriver.exe");
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
    loginPage = new LoginPageFactory(driver);
}

@Test
public void testValidLogin() {
    loginPage.navigateTo();
    loginPage.login("standard_user", "secret_sauce");
    
    // Verify successful login by checking URL
    String expectedUrl = "https://www.saucedemo.com/inventory.html";
    Assert.assertEquals(driver.getCurrentUrl(), expectedUrl, "Login failed: URL mismatch");
}

@Test
public void testInvalidLogin() {
    loginPage.navigateTo();
    loginPage.login("invalid_user", "wrong_password");
    
    // Verify error message
    String expectedError = "Epic sadface: Username and password do not match any user in this service";
    Assert.assertEquals(loginPage.getErrorMessage(), expectedError, "Error message mismatch");
}

@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
    if (driver != null) {
        driver.quit();
    }
}

}

`

Step 3: Execute Tests

Run the test class and verify the results.

• Right-click > Run As > TestNG Test.
• Check execution in Eclipse console. -
• Validate results in TestNG reports.
• Run As > TestNG Test and verify results in the Eclipse console or TestNG reports.

**Output: The image below shows the successful execution of Page Factory test cases in Selenium.

Output of Page Factory Using Selenium

Common WebDriver Setup Using Base Class

In the current POM and Page Factory implementation, WebDriver setup, browser initialization, and teardown are repeated in every test class.

• This results in code duplication and makes the framework harder to maintain.
• To follow best practices, a Base Class approach is used to centralize common setup and cleanup operations.

1. BaseTest Class Implementation

This BaseTest class handles common browser setup and teardown operations to avoid repetition across test classes.

C++ `

public class BaseTest {

WebDriver driver;

@BeforeMethod
public void setUp() {
    driver = new ChromeDriver();
    driver.manage().window().maximize();
    driver.get("https://www.saucedemo.com/");
}

@AfterMethod
public void tearDown() {
    if (driver != null) {
        driver.quit();
    }
}

}

`

2. Usage in POM Test Class

This test class reuses the BaseTest setup, keeping only the test logic and improving readability.

C++ `

public class LoginTest extends BaseTest {

@Test
public void testLogin() {
    LoginPage login = new LoginPage(driver);
    login.login("standard_user", "secret_sauce");
}

}

`

3. Usage in Page Factory Test Class

This class also inherits the common setup, ensuring consistency and reducing code duplication.

C++ `

public class LoginPageFactoryTest extends BaseTest {

@Test
public void testLogin() {
    LoginPageFactory login = new LoginPageFactory(driver);
    login.login("standard_user", "secret_sauce");
}

}

`

Advantages of the Page Object Model

The Page Object Model enhances test automation by improving code organization, reusability, and maintainability through clear separation of test logic and UI elements.

• **Code Reusability: Encapsulates web elements and actions in page classes for reuse across test cases, minimizing duplication.
• **Code Maintainability: Changes to UI elements are confined to their respective page classes, simplifying updates and reducing errors.
• **Separation of Concerns: Keep test scripts focused on logic while page classes manage UI interactions, enhancing clarity.
• **Readability: Use descriptive method names in page classes to make test scripts intuitive for testers and developers.
• **Enhanced Test Structure: Organize scripts by page to mirror the application’s structure, improving navigation.
• **Improved Collaboration: Clear separation fosters better communication between testers and developers.

Limitations of Page Object Model (POM) and Page Factory

Although POM and Page Factory improve test structure and maintainability, they also come with certain limitations that should be considered before implementation.

• High Initial Effort: Designing page classes and maintaining object structure requires extra time during framework setup.
• Maintenance Overhead in Large Projects: As the application grows, the number of page classes increases, making maintenance complex.
• Not Suitable for Very Dynamic UI: Frequent UI changes may require updates in multiple page classes.
• Learning Curve: Beginners may find it difficult to understand framework design and structure.

Page Object Model Vs Page Factory in Selenium

Here are the differences between Page Object Model and Page Factory in Selenium.