Shock: Types, Causes, Symptoms & Treatment (original) (raw)
What is shock?
The main symptom of shock is low blood pressure.
Shock is a life-threatening medical condition that results from insufficient blood flow throughout the body. Shock often accompanies severe injury or illness. Shock is a medical emergency and can lead to other conditions such as lack of oxygen in the body's tissues (hypoxia), heart attack (cardiac arrest), or organ damage. It requires immediate treatment, as shock symptoms can worsen rapidly.
What is a state of shock? Medical shock is different than emotional or psychological shock that can occur following a traumatic or frightening emotional event.
What are the 5 types of shock?
Types of shock include septic, anaphylactic, cardiogenic, hypovolemic, and eurogenic shock
Septic shock results from bacteria multiplying in the blood and releasing toxins. Common causes of this are pneumonia, urinary tract infections, skin infections (cellulitis), intra-abdominal infections (such as a ruptured appendix), and meningitis.
Anaphylactic shock is a type of severe hypersensitivity or allergic reaction. Causes include allergy to insect stings, medicines, or foods (nuts, berries, seafood), etc.
Cardiogenic shock happens when the heart is damaged and unable to supply sufficient blood to the body. This can be the end result of a heart attack or congestive heart failure.
Hypovolemic shock is caused by severe blood and fluid loss, such as from traumatic bodily injury, which makes the heart unable to pump enough blood to the body, or severe anemia where there is not enough blood to carry oxygen through the body.
Neurogenic shock is caused by spinal cord injury, usually as a result of a traumatic accident or injury.
What are the 8 main causes of shock?
There are several main causes of shock:
- Heart conditions (heart attack, heart failure)
- Heavy internal or external bleeding, such as from a serious injury or rupture of a blood vessel
- Dehydration, especially when severe or related to heat illness
- Infection (septic shock)
- Severe allergic reaction (anaphylactic shock)
- Spinal injuries (neurogenic shock)
- Burns
- Persistent vomiting or diarrhea
What are the symptoms of shock?
What happens when you’re in shock? Low blood pressure and rapid heart rate (tachycardia) are the key signs of shock.
Symptoms of all types of shock include:
Depending on the type of shock, the following symptoms may also be observed:
- Eyes appear to stare
- Anxiety or agitation
- Seizures
- Confusion or unresponsiveness
- Low or no urine output
- Bluish lips and fingernails
- Sweating
- Chest pain
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When should I seek medical care for shock?
Medical shock is a medical emergency. If you suspect shock after an injury, even if the person seems stable, call 911 or get them to an emergency department immediately. Prompt treatment can save a person's life.
The sooner shock is treated, the better. When treated quickly, there is less risk of damage to a person's vital organs.
What is the treatment for shock?
Depending on the type or the cause of the shock, treatments differ. In general, fluid resuscitation (giving a large amount of fluid to raise blood pressure quickly) with an IV in the ambulance or emergency room is the first-line treatment for all types of shock. The doctor will also administer medications such as epinephrine, norepinephrine, or dopamine to the fluids to try to raise a patient's blood pressure to ensure blood flow to the vital organs.
Tests (for example, X-rays, blood tests, EKGs) will determine the underlying cause of the shock and uncover the severity of the patient's illness.
Medical treatment
- Septic shock is treated with prompt administration of antibiotics depending on the source and type of underlying infection. These patients are often dehydrated and require large amounts of fluids to increase and maintain blood pressure.
- Anaphylactic shock is treated with epinephrine (an "Epi-pen" is a portable autoinjector for epinephrine), the steroid medications methylprednisolone (Solu-Medrol), intravenous antihistamines such as diphenhydramine (Benadryl), oxygen, and sometimes an H2-blocker medication (for example, famotidine [Pepcid], cimetidine [Tagamet], etc.). Medications such as albuterol may also be given to help relieve shortness of breath.
- Cardiogenic shock is treated by identifying and treating the underlying cause. A patient with a heart attack may require a surgical procedure called a cardiac catheterization to unblock an artery. A patient with congestive heart failure may need medications to support and increase the force of the heart's beat. In severe or prolonged cases, a heart transplant may be the only treatment.
- Hypovolemic shock is treated with fluids (saline) in minor cases but may require multiple blood transfusions in severe cases. The underlying cause of the bleeding must also be identified and corrected.
- Neurogenic shock is the most difficult to treat. Damage to the spinal cord is often irreversible and causes problems with the natural regulatory functions of the body. Besides fluids and monitoring, immobilization (keeping the spine from moving), anti-inflammatory medicine such as steroids, and sometimes surgery are the main parts of treatment.
Self-care at home
- Call 911 for immediate medical attention any time a person has symptoms of shock. Do not wait for symptoms to worsen before calling for help. Stay with the person until help arrives, and if possible, stay on the line with the 911 dispatcher because they may have specific instructions for you.
- While waiting for help or on the way to the emergency room, check the person's airway, breathing and circulation (the ABCs). Administer CPR if you are trained. If the person is breathing on his or her own, continue to check breathing every 2 minutes until help arrives.
- Do NOT move a person who has a known or suspected spinal injury (unless they are in imminent danger of further injury).
- Have the person lie down on his or her back with the feet elevated above the head (if raising the legs causes pain or injury, keep the person flat) to increase blood flow to vital organs. Do not raise the head.
- Keep the person warm and comfortable. Loosen tight clothing and cover them with a blanket.
- Do not give fluids by mouth, even if the person complains of thirst. There is a choking risk in the event of sudden loss of consciousness.
- Give appropriate first aid for any injuries.
- Direct pressure should be applied to any wounds that are bleeding significantly.
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Can shock be prevented?
In order to prevent shock, it is important to take measures to prevent heart disease, injuries, dehydration, and other causes of shock.
If you have a known allergy, carry an epinephrine pen, which your doctor can prescribe. Avoid severe allergy triggers.
What is the prognosis (outlook) for shock?
Prompt treatment of medical shock is essential for the best outcome. Moreover, the outlook depends on the cause of the shock, the general health of the patient, and the promptness of treatment and recovery.
- Generally, hypovolemic shock and anaphylactic shock respond well to medical treatment if initiated early.
- Septic shock is a serious condition with a mortality rate of 24% to 50%, according to some estimates. The sooner the infection is treated and fluids are administered, the greater the chances of success. Hospitals are now developing and utilizing specific protocols to identify and aggressively treat septic shock patients.
- Cardiogenic shock has a poor prognosis, with only 1/3 of patients surviving. Because this type of shock results from injury or dysfunction of the heart, it is often difficult to treat and overcome.
- Neurogenic or spinal shock also has a very poor prognosis because the spinal cord mediates so many important bodily functions. There are currently very few effective treatments, but medical research is making advances in the treatment of spinal injuries.
Frequently asked questions
- What are the signs of septic shock? The main signs of septic shock include severe low blood pressure, lightheadedness, little or no urine output, heart palpitations, acute confusion, dizziness, difficulty breathing, and cold, clammy skin. Immediate medical treatment is essential, as septic shock is a life-threatening condition.
- What are the 4 types of shock? The four types of shock are hypovolemic shock (caused by severe blood or fluid loss), distributive shock (resulting from widespread vasodilation and decreased peripheral vascular resistance, such as in septic shock), cardiogenic shock (due to heart failure resulting in inadequate cardiac output), and obstructive shock (caused by mechanical obstruction of blood flow, such as in pulmonary embolism or cardiac tamponade).
- What are 10 signs of shock? Here are the 10 main signs of shock:
- What is the classification of shock? Shock is classified into several types based on its underlying cause and physiological mechanism:
- Hypovolemic shock occurs due to inadequate circulating blood volume.
- Distributive shock results from excessive vasodilation and impaired distribution of blood flow.
- Cardiogenic shock stems from inadequate cardiac output.
- Obstructive shock arises from physical obstruction of blood flow.
- Mixed shock involves a combination of these mechanisms.
Each type requires specific management tailored to its etiology to restore tissue perfusion and prevent organ damage.
Medically Reviewed on 7/15/2024
References
MedscapeReference.com. Septic Shock Prognosis.
MedscapeReference.com. Cardiogenic Shock.
Professional CCM. Septic Shock. Cleveland Clinic. Accessed June 24th, 2024. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/23255-septic-shock
Standl T, Annecke T, Cascorbi I, Heller AR, Sabashnikov A, Teske W. The Nomenclature, Definition and Distinction of Types of Shock. Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2018;115(45):757-768. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2018.0757. Accessed June 24th, 2024. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6323133/
Kislitsina ON, Rich JD, Wilcox JE, et al. Shock - Classification and Pathophysiological Principles of Therapeutics. Curr Cardiol Rev. 2019;15(2):102-113. doi:10.2174/1573403X15666181212125024. Accessed June 24th, 2024.https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520577/
Shock. Better Health Channel. Accessed June 24th, 2024. https://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/health/conditionsandtreatments/shock