Defensin-like polypeptide LUREs are pollen tube attractants secreted from synergid cells (original) (raw)

Nature volume 458, pages 357–361 (2009)Cite this article

Abstract

For more than 140 years, pollen tube guidance in flowering plants has been thought to be mediated by chemoattractants derived from target ovules1. However, there has been no convincing evidence of any particular molecule being the true attractant that actually controls the navigation of pollen tubes towards ovules. Emerging data indicate that two synergid cells on the side of the egg cell emit a diffusible, species-specific signal to attract the pollen tube at the last step of pollen tube guidance1,2,3. Here we report that secreted, cysteine-rich polypeptides (CRPs) in a subgroup of defensin-like proteins are attractants derived from the synergid cells. We isolated synergid cells of Torenia fournieri, a unique plant with a protruding embryo sac, to identify transcripts encoding secreted proteins as candidate molecules for the chemoattractant(s). We found two CRPs, abundantly and predominantly expressed in the synergid cell, which are secreted to the surface of the egg apparatus. Moreover, they showed activity in vitro to attract competent pollen tubes of their own species and were named as LUREs. Injection of morpholino antisense oligomers against the LUREs impaired pollen tube attraction, supporting the finding that LUREs are the attractants derived from the synergid cells of T. fournieri.

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Acknowledgements

We thank T. Suzuki for help with the analysis of the EST sequences, S. Takayama for providing chemically synthesized and refolded SP11 peptides, W. Uchida for checking the diameter of the glass needles for microinjection by scanning electron microscopy and N. Iwata for assistance in preparing plant materials. This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists (Start-up), Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology (MEXT), Japan (20870020 to M.M.K.); a Grant-in-Aid for Creative Scientific Research, MEXT, Japan (18GS0314-01 to N.S.); a grant from Yamada Science Foundation, Japan (to T.H.); a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B), MEXT, Japan (19370017 to T.H.); a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Priority Areas (18075004 to T.H.), and PRESTO project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Japan (to T.H.).

Author Contributions S.O., N.S. and T.H. developed methods to purify and assay recombinant LUREs. H.Tsutsui and T.H. developed methods for the microinjection of the MO oligos and performed the RT–PCR analysis. K.S., N.S. and M.M.K. developed immunological methods to detect LUREs. T.H., S.S. and T.D. constructed the cDNA library of the synergid cell of T. fournieri and directed the EST analysis. H.Takeuchi., R.Y., R.D.K., Y.H., A.M., D.S., N.K., T.S., K.I., K.O., M.M., H.N. and M.M.K. assembled and analysed the EST sequences. S.N. constructed expression vectors and purified recombinant LUREs. T.K., A.N., T.D., M.M.K., N.S. and T.H. contributed to the experimental design. T.H. directed the project and wrote the paper with input from co-authors.

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Author notes

  1. Satohiro Okuda, Hiroki Tsutsui, Narie Sasaki and Tetsuya Higashiyama: These authors contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Biological Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8602, Japan,
    Satohiro Okuda, Hiroki Tsutsui, Keiko Shiina, Hidenori Takeuchi, Ryoko Yui, Ryushiro D. Kasahara, Yuki Hamamura, Akane Mizukami, Daichi Susaki, Nao Kawano, Takashi Sakakibara, Shoko Namiki, Masahiro M. Kanaoka, Narie Sasaki & Tetsuya Higashiyama
  2. Cell Biology/Plant Physiology, University of Regensburg, Universitätsstraße 31, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
    Stefanie Sprunck & Thomas Dresselhaus
  3. Department of Integrated Biosciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, University of Tokyo, 5-1-5 Kashiwanoha, Kashiwa, Chiba 277-8562, Japan,
    Kie Itoh
  4. Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan,
    Kurataka Otsuka, Motomichi Matsuzaki, Hisayoshi Nozaki & Akihiko Nakano
  5. Research Information Center of Extremophile, Graduate School of Science, Rikkyo (Saint Paul’s) University, Nishi-Ikebukuro, Tokyo 171-8501, Japan,
    Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
  6. Molecular Membrane Biology Laboratory, RIKEN Advanced Science Institute, Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan,
    Akihiko Nakano

Authors

  1. Satohiro Okuda
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  2. Hiroki Tsutsui
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  3. Keiko Shiina
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  4. Stefanie Sprunck
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  5. Hidenori Takeuchi
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  6. Ryoko Yui
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  7. Ryushiro D. Kasahara
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  8. Yuki Hamamura
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  9. Akane Mizukami
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  10. Daichi Susaki
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  11. Nao Kawano
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  12. Takashi Sakakibara
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  13. Shoko Namiki
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  14. Kie Itoh
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  15. Kurataka Otsuka
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  16. Motomichi Matsuzaki
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  17. Hisayoshi Nozaki
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  18. Tsuneyoshi Kuroiwa
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  19. Akihiko Nakano
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  20. Masahiro M. Kanaoka
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  21. Thomas Dresselhaus
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  22. Narie Sasaki
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  23. Tetsuya Higashiyama
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Corresponding author

Correspondence toTetsuya Higashiyama.

Supplementary information

Supplementary Information

This file contains Supplementary Figures 1-3 with Legends, Supplementary Tables 1-4 and the Legend for Supplementary Movie 1. (PDF 6881 kb)

Supplementary Movie 1

This movie file shows in vitro attraction assay using a pipette (see file s1 for full legend). (AVI 26776 kb)

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Okuda, S., Tsutsui, H., Shiina, K. et al. Defensin-like polypeptide LUREs are pollen tube attractants secreted from synergid cells.Nature 458, 357–361 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature07882

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Editorial Summary

Floral attraction: elusive pollen-tube attractant identified

Precise pollen tube guidance is critical for the successful fertilization of flowering plants. The concept of a pollen tube attractant was proposed in the late nineteenth century when pollen tubes were found to grow towards excised pistil tissues on medium. In 2001 the synergid cells, situated next to the egg, were shown to secrete a soluble factor that guides the growing pollen tube towards the embryo sac. Now at long last, these pollen tube attractants have been identified. Synergid cells were isolated from Torenia fournieri ('wishbone flower') plants, which are unique in having a protruding embryo sac. The secreted guidance factors were identified as cysteine-rich polypeptides belonging to the sub group of defensin-like proteins, and named LUREs.