Metallothionein: the multipurpose protein (original) (raw)

Cell Mol Life Sci. 2002 Apr; 59(4): 627–647.

P. Coyle

Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000 (Australia), Fax +61 8 82223538, e-mail: peter.coyle@imvs.sa.gov.au , , , , AU

J. C. Philcox

Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000 (Australia), Fax +61 8 82223538, e-mail: peter.coyle@imvs.sa.gov.au , , , , AU

L. C. Carey

Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000 (Australia), Fax +61 8 82223538, e-mail: peter.coyle@imvs.sa.gov.au , , , , AU

A. M. Rofe

Division of Clinical Biochemistry, Institute of Medical and Veterinary Science, Frome Rd., Adelaide, SA 5000 (Australia), Fax +61 8 82223538, e-mail: peter.coyle@imvs.sa.gov.au , , , , AU

Department of Physiology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5000, , , , AU

Abstract.

Metallothioneins (MTs) are intracellular, low molecular, low molecular weight, cysteine-rich proteins. Ubiquitous in eukaryotes, MTs have unique structural characteristics to give potent metal-binding and redox capabilities. A primary role has not been identified, and remains elusive, as further functions continue to be discovered. The most widely expressed isoforms in mammals, MT-1 and MT-2, are rapidly induced in the liver by a wide range of metals, drugs and inflammatory mediators. In teh gut and pancreas, MT responds mainly to Zn status. A brain isoform, MT-3, has a specific neuronal growth inhibitory activity, while MT-1 and MT-2 have more diverse functions related to their thiolate cluster structure. These include involvement in Zn homeostasis, protection against heavy metal (especially Cd) and oxidant damage, and metabolic regulation via Zn donation, sequestration and/or redox control. Use of mice with altered gene expression has enhance our understanding of the multi-faceted role of MT, emphasised in this review.

Keywords: Key words. Metallothionein; gene regulation; zinc; pregnancy; inflammation; metabolism; cytokines; cadmium.

Footnotes

Received 3 September 2001; received after revision 22 October 2001; accepted 20 November 2001

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