Depressed mood and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from fish: non-linear or confounded association? - PubMed (original) (raw)
Depressed mood and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intake from fish: non-linear or confounded association?
Katherine M Appleton et al. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol. 2007 Feb.
Abstract
There is increasing evidence of an association between low dietary intake of essential n-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 EFAs) and depressed mood. This study aimed to evaluate this association in a large population-based sample of UK individuals. N-3 EFA intake (intake from fish alone, and from all sources (fish and supplements)), depressed mood (assessed using the short-form Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scales) and demographic variables (sex, age, Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) based on postal code, and date of questionnaire completion) were obtained simultaneously by self-report questionnaire (N = 2982). Using polynomial regression, a non-linear relationship between depressed mood and n-3 EFA intake from fish was found, with the incremental decrease in depressed mood diminishing as n-3 EFA intake increased. However, this relationship was attenuated by adjustment for age and IMD. No relationship between depression and n-3 EFA intake from all sources was found. These findings suggest that higher levels of n-3 EFA intake from fish are associated with lower levels of depressed mood, but the association disappears after adjustment for age and social deprivation, and after inclusion of n-3 EFA intake from supplements. This study does have a number of limitations, but the findings available suggest that the apparent associations between depressed mood and n-3 EFA intake from fish may simply reflect a wider association between depressed mood and lifestyle.
Similar articles
- Depressed mood and dietary fish intake: direct relationship or indirect relationship as a result of diet and lifestyle?
Appleton KM, Woodside JV, Yarnell JW, Arveiler D, Haas B, Amouyel P, Montaye M, Ferrières J, Ruidavets JB, Ducimetiere P, Bingham A, Evans A. Appleton KM, et al. J Affect Disord. 2007 Dec;104(1-3):217-23. doi: 10.1016/j.jad.2007.03.012. Epub 2007 May 1. J Affect Disord. 2007. PMID: 17475339 - No clear evidence of an association between plasma concentrations of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids and depressed mood in a non-clinical population.
Appleton KM, Gunnell D, Peters TJ, Ness AR, Kessler D, Rogers PJ. Appleton KM, et al. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008 Jun;78(6):337-42. doi: 10.1016/j.plefa.2008.04.009. Epub 2008 Jun 18. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2008. PMID: 18565746 - Is low dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids associated with depression?
Hakkarainen R, Partonen T, Haukka J, Virtamo J, Albanes D, Lönnqvist J. Hakkarainen R, et al. Am J Psychiatry. 2004 Mar;161(3):567-9. doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.161.3.567. Am J Psychiatry. 2004. PMID: 14992986 - Effects of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on depressed mood: systematic review of published trials.
Appleton KM, Hayward RC, Gunnell D, Peters TJ, Rogers PJ, Kessler D, Ness AR. Appleton KM, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Dec;84(6):1308-16. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/84.6.1308. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006. PMID: 17158410 Review. - [Lipids, depression and suicide].
Colin A, Reggers J, Castronovo V, Ansseau M. Colin A, et al. Encephale. 2003 Jan-Feb;29(1):49-58. Encephale. 2003. PMID: 12640327 Review. French.
Cited by
- Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adults.
Appleton KM, Voyias PD, Sallis HM, Dawson S, Ness AR, Churchill R, Perry R. Appleton KM, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Nov 24;11(11):CD004692. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub5. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. PMID: 34817851 Free PMC article. Review. - Associations of n-3, n-6 Fatty Acids Intakes and n-6:n-3 Ratio with the Risk of Depressive Symptoms: NHANES 2009-2016.
Zhang R, Sun J, Li Y, Zhang D. Zhang R, et al. Nutrients. 2020 Jan 16;12(1):240. doi: 10.3390/nu12010240. Nutrients. 2020. PMID: 31963375 Free PMC article. - Fatty acids and recurrence of major depressive disorder: combined analysis of two Dutch clinical cohorts.
Thesing CS, Lok A, Milaneschi Y, Assies J, Bockting CLH, Figueroa CA, Giltay EJ, Penninx BWJH, Ruhé HG, Schene AH, Bot M, Mocking RJT. Thesing CS, et al. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020 Apr;141(4):362-373. doi: 10.1111/acps.13136. Epub 2019 Dec 26. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2020. PMID: 31785112 Free PMC article. - Are dietary patterns differently associated with differentiated levels of mental health problems? Results from a large cross-sectional study among Iranian manufacturing employees.
Heidari Z, Feizi A, Roohafza H, Rabiei K, Sarrafzadegan N. Heidari Z, et al. BMJ Open. 2019 Jan 7;9(1):e020083. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-020083. BMJ Open. 2019. PMID: 30617097 Free PMC article. - Food for Mood: Relevance of Nutritional Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety.
Larrieu T, Layé S. Larrieu T, et al. Front Physiol. 2018 Aug 6;9:1047. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01047. eCollection 2018. Front Physiol. 2018. PMID: 30127751 Free PMC article. Review.
References
- J Nutr. 2001 Apr;131(4 Suppl):1339S-43S - PubMed
- Br J Nutr. 2005 Sep;94(3):407-14 - PubMed
- Public Health Nutr. 2002 Jun;5(3):427-31 - PubMed
- Lipids. 1996 Mar;31 Suppl:S157-61 - PubMed
- Br J Psychiatry. 2005 Apr;186:275-7 - PubMed
Publication types
MeSH terms
Substances
LinkOut - more resources
Full Text Sources
Medical