CNTRICS final task selection: long-term memory - PubMed (original) (raw)
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CNTRICS final task selection: long-term memory
John D Ragland et al. Schizophr Bull. 2009 Jan.
Abstract
Long-term memory (LTM) is a multifactorial construct, composed of different stages of information processing and different cognitive operations that are mediated by distinct neural systems, some of which may be more responsible for the marked memory problems that limit the daily function of individuals with schizophrenia. From the outset of the CNTRICS initiative, this multidimensionality was appreciated, and an effort was made to identify the specific memory constructs and task paradigms that hold the most promise for immediate translational development. During the second CNTRICS meeting, the LTM group identified item encoding and retrieval and relational encoding and retrieval as key constructs. This article describes the process that the LTM group went through in the third and final CNTRICS meeting to select nominated tasks within the 2 LTM constructs and within a reinforcement learning construct that were judged most promising for immediate development. This discussion is followed by each nominating authors' description of their selected task paradigm, ending with some thoughts about future directions.
Figures
Fig. 1.
Associative Inference Paradigm. a) Participants encode overlapping face-house pairs (AB, BC) and are tested on the inferential relationship between pairs (AC). b) Anterior hippocampal activation associated with inferential retrieval of AC pairs. Reprinted with Permission from Wiley 8/27/08.
Fig. 2.
Results From Blumenfeld and Ranganath. a) Example stimuli and task timing for working memory trials. b) Difference between observed and expected numbers of recollected triplets from each memory set. The mean difference between the observed number of trials for which all 3 words were successfully judged as remembered and the expected number of such trials given the overall hit rate is separately plotted for reorder and rehearse trials. A positive difference indicated that subsequent memory performance was benefited by enhanced inter-item associations. Error bars depict the SEM across subjects, and the asterisk denotes that the observed expected difference was statistically significant for reorder trials. c) Time course of activation in prefrontal regions of interest (ROIs). The activity in the reorder and rehearse task is plotted separately for the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and anterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (aVLPFC) was correlated with subsequent LTM performance specifically during reorder trials. In contrast, delay period activation in the posterior ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (pVLPFC) was predictive of subsequent LTM on both rehearse and reorder trials. The error bars in the time courses reflect the SEM at each time point for the reorder and rehearse tasks for each ROI. Reprinted with permission from Society for Neuroscience.
Fig. 3.
Recognition accuracy of controls (blue circles) and patients (red triangles) for rehearse and reorder tasks. Error bars depict the SEM across subjects, and the asterisk denotes a significant group difference for the reorder but not rehearse task.
Fig. 4.
Summary of Task Design. At each trial, participants are asked to select via bottom press whether a short or long mouth had been presented. Figure modified with permission from Pizzagalli et al. Reprinted with Permission from Elsevier.
Fig. 5.
Selected Findings Derived From the Probabilistic Reward Task. Response bias toward the more frequently rewarded stimulus is reduced in (a) unmedicated major depressive disorder subjects; (b) healthy controls receiving a single dose of a D2/3 agonist assumed to activate dopamine (DA) autoreceptors and thus reduce phasic DA bursts to unpredictable reward; and (c) healthy controls exposed to an acute stressor. A and C reprinted with permission from Elsevier. B reprinted with permission from Springer Science and Business Media.
Fig. 6.
Screen Display of the Probabilistic Reversal Learning Task.
References
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- Nuechterlein KH, Green MF, Kern RS, et al. The MATRICS Consensus Cognitive Battery, part 1: test selection, reliability, and validity. Am J Psychiatry. 2008;165:203–213. -PubMed
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