The mPEG-PCL Copolymer for Selective Fermentation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Against Candida parapsilosis in the Human Microbiome - PubMed (original) (raw)
doi: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000295. Epub 2016 Jun 19.
Yanhan Wang 2, Shinta Marito 1, Stephen Huang 3, Wan-Zhen Lin 1, Jon A Gangoiti 4, Bruce A Barshop 4, Choi Hyun 4, Woan-Ruah Lee 5, James A Sanford 2, Richard L Gallo 2, Yuping Ran 6, Wan-Tzu Chen 7, Chun-Jen Huang 8, Ming-Fa Hsieh 7, Chun-Ming Huang 9
Affiliations
- PMID: 28111598
- PMCID: PMC5243119
- DOI: 10.4172/1948-5948.1000295
The mPEG-PCL Copolymer for Selective Fermentation of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Against Candida parapsilosis in the Human Microbiome
Ming-Shan Kao et al. J Microb Biochem Technol. 2016 Aug.
Abstract
Many human skin diseases, such as seborrheic dermatitis, potentially occur due to the over-growth of fungi. It remains a challenge to develop fungicides with a lower risk of generating resistant fungi and non-specifically killing commensal microbes. Our probiotic approaches using a selective fermentation initiator of skin commensal bacteria, fermentation metabolites or their derivatives provide novel therapeutics to rein in the over-growth of fungi. Staphylococcus lugdunensis (S. lugdunensis) bacteria and Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis) fungi coexist in the scalp microbiome. S. lugdunensis interfered with the growth of C. parapsilosis via fermentation. A methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b_-poly(ε_-caprolactone) (mPEG-PCL) copolymer functioned as a selective fermentation initiator of S. lugdunensis, selectively triggering the S. lugdunensis fermentation to produce acetic and isovaleric acids. The acetic acid and its pro-drug diethyleneglycol diacetate (Ac-DEG-Ac) effectively suppressed the growth of C. parapsilosis in vitro and impeded the fungal expansion in the human dandruff. We demonstrate for the first time that S. lugdunensis is a skin probiotic bacterium that can exploit mPEG-PCL to yield fungicidal short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). The concept of bacterial fermentation as a part of skin immunity to re-balance the dysbiotic microbiome warrants a novel avenue for studying the probiotic function of the skin microbiome in promoting health.
Keywords: C. parapsilosis; Fermentation; Microbiome; Probiotic; S. lugdunensis.
Figures
Figure 1
Probiotic activity of S. lugdunensis fermentation against C. parapsilosis. (a) S. lugdunensis (S. l.) (105 CFU/ml), was incubated in rich media (M) with or without glycerol (G). Rich media plus glycerol without S. lugdunensis was included as a control. S. lugdunensis fermentation on 36 h was displayed. A color change to yellow in the media (marked in a blue frame and yellow arrow) indicates that bacterial fermentation has occurred. (b) S. lugdunensis (105 CFU) was co-cultured with C. parapsilosis (105 CFU) in rich media (10 ml) in the presence (+G) or absence (-G) of glycerol (20 g/l). After 3 day culture, media (10 μl) with a serial dilution (1–105) were spotted on furazolidone (10 μg/ml) containing PDA plates for three days. Data representative of three separate experiments are shown.
Figure 2
Characterizations of mPEG-PCL as a selective fermentation initiator of S. lugdunensis fermentation. (a) Three functional groups (C-O-C/ PEG/1184.1 cm−1; C=O/PCL/1727.9 cm−1; and C-H/PCL/2950.6 cm−1) of mPEGPCL were revealed in a FT-IR spectrum. (b) S. lugdunensis, but not (c) C. parapsilosis, fermented mPEG-PCL. 0.0005 % mPEG-PCL in 0.5 % acetone was used as a carbon source for fermentation. A blue frame and yellow arrow denote the mPEG-PCL fermentation of the S. lugdunensis. Representative data from three independent experiments are shown.
Figure 3
The ion chromatogram and mass spectrum from GC-MS for identification of SCFAs. (a) Total ion chromatogram for separation of the mixture of SCFAs containing acetic acid (Ac), 2H7-butyric acid (BA) (an internal standard) and isovaleric acid (IsoVa). (b) A mass spectrum for acetic acid. Molecular ions at 29, 43, 45 and 60 m/z for acetic acid were indicated.
Figure 4
Suppression of C. parapsilosis growth by acetic acid and Ac-DEGAc. C. parapsilosis (108 CFU) was incubated with 0.01–500 mM acetic acid in H2O (a, b) or Ac-DEG-Ac in 4% DMSO (c, d) overnight. Incubation of C. parapsilosis with H2O or 4% DMSO served as controls. After incubation, C. parapsilosis was diluted 1:10–1:105 with H2O, and 10 μl of the dilutions were spotted on an agar plate. Percent growth inhibition of C. parapsilosis relative to the treatment with H2O control was presented. The CFU counts were illustrated as the mean ± standard derivation (SD) of six independent experiments (b, d). ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05, (two-tailed t-tests). UD, undetectable.
Figure 5
Inhibition of fungal growth in human dandruffs by acetic acid and Ac-DEG-Ac. A human dandruff flake was cut in half, and half was incubated with acetic acid in H2O (Ac) (a, b) or Ac-DEG-Ac (c, d) in DMSO for 3 h. The other half was incubated with H2O or DMSO as a control. Both chemical structures of acetic acid and Ac-DEG-Ac were illustrated. (b) The sizes (mm2) of fungal growth in dandruffs treated with acetic acid, Ac-DEG-Ac or their controls were quantified 4 days after placing dandruffs on MEA plates. At least three dandruff flakes per group experiment were used. ***P<0.001; **P<0.01, (two-tailed t-tests). Bars=2.0 mm.
References
- Wang L, Clavaud C, Bar-Hen A, Cui M, Gao J, et al. Characterization of the major bacterial-fungal populations colonizing dandruff scalps in Shanghai, China, shows microbial disequilibrium. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24:398–400. -PubMed
- Wang L, Clavaud C, Bar-Hen A, Cui M, Gao J, et al. Characterization of the major bacterial-fungal populations colonizing dandruff scalps in Shanghai, China, shows microbial disequilibrium. Exp Dermatol. 2015;24:398–400. -PubMed
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