An untargeted metabolomics analysis of exogenous chemicals in human milk and transfer to the infant - PubMed (original) (raw)
. 2022 Nov;15(11):2576-2582.
doi: 10.1111/cts.13393. Epub 2022 Sep 12.
Affiliations
- PMID: 36043481
- PMCID: PMC9652431
- DOI: 10.1111/cts.13393
An untargeted metabolomics analysis of exogenous chemicals in human milk and transfer to the infant
Sydney Thomas et al. Clin Transl Sci. 2022 Nov.
Abstract
Human milk is the optimal infant nutrition. However, although human-derived metabolites (such as lipids and oligosaccharides) in human milk are regularly reported, the presence of exogenous chemicals (such as drugs, food, and synthetic compounds) are often not addressed. To understand the types of exogenous compounds that might be present, human milk (n = 996) was analyzed by untargeted metabolomics. This analysis revealed that lifestyle molecules, such as medications and their metabolites, and industrial sources, such as plasticizers, cosmetics, and other personal care products, are found in human milk. We provide further evidence that some of these lifestyle molecules are also detectable in the newborn's stool. Thus, this study gives important insight into the types of exposures infants receiving human milk might ingest due to the lifestyle choices, exposure, or medical status of the lactating parent.
© 2022 The Authors. Clinical and Translational Science published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics.
Conflict of interest statement
P.C.D. is an advisor to Cybele and co‐founder and scientific advisor of Ometa and Enveda with prior approval by UC‐San Diego. All other authors declared no competing interests for this work.
Figures
FIGURE 1
Molecular networks containing drug and food metabolites in human milk. (a) Molecular network containing sulfonamide antibiotics and antibiotic metabolites. (b) Molecular network containing antidepressant amitriptyline and multiple known degradation products. (c) Molecular network containing the antidepressant bupropion and its metabolites. (d) Molecular network containing bacterial quorum sensor Pseudomonas quinolone signal and related metabolites. Network nodes with full annotations from the original analysis are shown with black outlines, suspect annotations are shown with dotted outlines, and unannotated nodes have no outline. Asterisks (*) mark compounds that were identified in solvent controls in at least one dataset, number in circle indicates MS/MS match level. All colored nodes in these networks have been manually annotated by spectral comparison to library compounds and other related spectra. Library and spectral m/z, library quality, m/z error, and shared peaks for each MS/MS match are included in Table S2. MS/MS, tandem mass spectrometry.
FIGURE 2
Drugs and their metabolites are transferred from the lactating parent's milk to the infant. (a) Molecular networks of various drugs and other metabolites found in paired parent/infant dyads. Pie charts represent qualitative levels of antibiotics in each sampled area. (b) Appearance of paired compounds in each of the 40 parent/infant dyads tested. Colors correspond to type of sample. The p values were calculated by two‐tailed Fisher's Exact test.
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