Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Cigarettes Elevates Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Mental Health Issues: Insights from a Korean Health Survey - PubMed (original) (raw)

Dual Use of Electronic Cigarettes and Cigarettes Elevates Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Mental Health Issues: Insights from a Korean Health Survey

Chi Young Kim et al. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2025.

Abstract

Purpose: Significant differences exist between the toxicity and adverse outcomes of conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes. However, spirometry-based clinical outcome analyses in the general population have not been widely studied. This study aimed to investigate the factors associated with electronic cigarette use among individuals with different smoking status and pulmonary function test results.

Patients and methods: This study was conducted in Korea using data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 2013 to 2019. Participants who reported baseline clinical information, including smoking status, and underwent a pulmonary function test, were included.

Results: In total, 19,356 participants, including current smokers, former smokers, and participants who never smoked, participated in this study. Among the participants who smoked, 5.7% reported current electronic cigarette use, including dual users (who use conventional cigarettes and electronic cigarettes). Factors associated with e-cigarette use included male sex, younger age, higher education level, higher household income, and being current or former heavy smoker. Additionally, cigarette users had the highest prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, followed by dual users and electronic cigarette-only users (P < 0.001). Furthermore, individuals with anxiety and depression were significantly more prevalent among dual users than among those who had never smoked (P < 0.001).

Conclusion: This study indicates an association between e-cigarette use and individual factors, including sex, age, education level, and income level. Electronic cigarette use, including dual use, is associated with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Additionally, anxiety and depression were highest among dual users, followed by those among conventional cigarette users.

Keywords: E-cigarette; airflow obstruction; anxiety; chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; depression.

© 2025 Kim et al.

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Conflict of interest statement

This paper has been uploaded to ResearchSquare as a preprint: https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-4352866/v1\. The authors report no conflicts of interest in this work.

Figures

Figure 1

Figure 1

Flow diagram of the study participant selection process.

Figure 2

Figure 2

Comparison of urinary cotinine and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1 butanol (NNAL) levels according to smoking status. The figures illustrate the levels of urinary cotinine and NNAL according to different smoking statuses. Participants were categorized into four groups: never smoked, former smokers, cigarette users, and dual users (cigarettes and e-cigarettes). The box plots demonstrate that both cotinine and NNAL levels are higher in cigarette users and dual users than in never smokers and former smokers. Additionally, dual users exhibit higher levels of urinary cotinine and NNAL than cigarette users. (A) Cotinine; (B) NNAL.

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