How Inflation and High Interest Rates Have Changed the Economy (original) (raw)

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America’s Inflation Fight Is Ending, but It’s Leaving a Legacy

As inflation cools and the Federal Reserve cuts rates, an era of economic upheaval is coming to a close, but not without lingering marks.

A person standing at a table outside and wearing a dark blue t-shirt with the logo of the Greater Boston Food Bank on it and a white baseball cap picks up a cardboard box on a table full of boxes.

A volunteer prepared donations this week at the Greater Boston Food Bank mobile market in Malden, Mass.Credit...Sophie Park for The New York Times

Jeanna Smialek

Jeanna Smialek is an economics journalist who reported this story from Washington.

Sept. 19, 2024

People with jobs have started showing up at homeless shelters in Atlanta. Families who can’t cover their grocery bills are pushing up demand at a Boston food bank. A dearth of available houses is plaguing Sacramento. Yet reports of recent raises abound, and a partly retired homeowner near Pittsburgh is happy about his savings.

America’s bout of painfully high inflation — and the period of high interest rates meant to cure it — is finally drawing toward a close. Price increases are nearly back to a normal pace, so much so that the Federal Reserve voted on Wednesday to lower borrowing costs for the first time in more than four years.

But even as the nation’s tumultuous pandemic economic era begins to approach its end, the period is destined to leave lingering marks.

There are many things to celebrate about the current moment. Inflation has so far cooled without a major economic pullback, a development few economists thought possible. Consumers are still spending at a solid clip. Years of strong job growth and solid wage gains have lifted up many workers, and a run-up in stock prices is padding retirement accounts.

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The Greater Boston Food Bank has delivered more than 100 million pounds of food every year since 2020, up from less than 70 million in 2019.Credit...Sophie Park for The New York Times

Yet the past several years have also brought serious and lasting challenges. Prices remain sharply elevated compared with their prepandemic levels, and many families are still struggling to adjust. Some have seen their wages fall behind costs. For others, pay gains have kept pace with inflation, but the memory of cheaper egg and rent prices endures, leaving an ongoing sense of sticker shock. And across the country, housing affordability has tanked, a trend that could take time and even policy changes to reverse.


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