Association of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia... : BMJ (original) (raw)

Association of Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae infections with coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors

P Patel
M A Mendall
D Carrington
D P Strachan
E Leatham
N Molineaux
J Levy
C Blakeston
C A Seymour
A J Camm
T C Northfield

Objective

To investigate the relation between seropositivity to chronic infections with Helicobacter pylori and Chlamydia pneumoniae and both coronary heart disease and cardiovascular risk factors.

Design

Cross sectional study of a population based random sample of men. Coronary heart disease was assessed by electrocardiography, Rose angina questionnaire, and a history of myocardial infarction; serum antibody levels to H pylori and C pneumoniae were measured, risk factor levels determined, and a questionnaire administered.

Setting

General practices in Merton, Sutton, and Wandsworth, south London.

Subjects

388 white south London men aged 50-69.

Main outcome measures

Evidence of coronary risk factors and infection with H pylori or C pneumoniae.

Results

47 men (12.1 percent) had electrocardiographic evidence of ischaemia or infarction. 36 (76.6 percent) and 18 (38.3 percent) were seropositive for H pylori and C pneumoniae, respectively, compared with 155 (45.5 percent) and 62 (18.2 percent) men with normal electrocardiograms. Odds ratios for abnormal electrocardiograms were 3.82 (95 percent confidence interval 1.60 to 9.10) and 3.06 (1.33 to 7.01) in men seropositive for H pylori and C pneumoniae, respectively, after adjustment for a range of socioeconomic indicators and risk factors for coronary heart disease. Cardiovascular risk factors that were independently associated with seropositivity to H pylori included fibrinogen concentration and total leucocyte count. Seropositivity to C pneumoniae was independently associated with raised fibrinogen and malondialdehyde concentrations.

Conclusions

Both H pylori and C pneumoniae infections are associated with coronary heart disease. These relations are not explained by a wide range of confounding factors. Possible mechanisms include an increase in risk factor levels due to a low grade chronic inflammatory response.