Talmud | Sefaria (original) (raw)
BabylonianJerusalem
Seder Zeraim(Agriculture)
Blessings and prayers, focusing on Shema and the Amidah.
Seder Moed(Holidays)
Creative work prohibited on Shabbat and other laws that preserve the sanctity of the day.
Enclosures that legally expand the areas in which one can carry and travel on Shabbat.
Passover: ridding of chametz, the Paschal lamb offering, matzah, maror, and the Seder.
The four Jewish New Years, the process of sanctifying a new month, and laws of blowing the shofar.
Yom Kippur: the High Priest’s preparation, the Temple service, the fast, and repentance.
The structure of and obligation to dwell in the sukkah, the four species, and celebrating the holiday in the Temple.
Holiday laws governing which objects can be used, how food is prepared, and what labor is permitted.
Praying for rain, fasting in times of drought, and annual fast days marking Jerusalem’s destruction.
Reading the scroll of Esther on Purim, expansions on the Esther story, synagogue rituals, and treatment of sacred objects.
Chol HaMoed (the intermediate days of Passover and Sukkot), mourning and ex-communication.
Sacrifices offered on pilgrimage to Jerusalem on the Festivals, ritual purity, and esoteric discussions of creation.
Seder Nashim(Family law)
The mandated marriage of a widow to the brother of her childless husband and the alternative rite discharging that obligation.
The marital contract (Ketubah) and obligations between husband and wife.
Vows taken voluntarily, particularly those that forbid specific actions or objects.
The Nazirite, or one who vows abstinence from wine, haircuts, and ritual impurity generated from contact with corpses.
A woman suspected of adultery, the ritual determining her culpability, and other rituals involving recitation.
Laws relating to divorce, focusing on the get (bill of divorce) and its delivery.
Betrothal, marriage, acquisitions, and lineage.
Seder Nezikin(Damages)
Liability and compensation for damages inflicted on people or property.
Disputed property, returning lost objects, guarding, renting, borrowing, and responsibilities of workers and employers.
Relationships between neighbors, land ownership, sales, and inheritance.
The judicial system, forming the court, accepting testimony, and executing capital punishment.
Court-administered lashing, false witnesses, and cities of refuge for inadvertent murderers.
Oaths and the process of atoning for entering the Temple or eating from a sacrifice while impure.
Disassociating from idolatry, regulations on business interactions between Jews and idolaters.
Atoning for erroneous rulings of the court and inadvertent sins of leaders.
Seder Kodashim(Sacrifices)
Animal and bird sacrifices in the Temple.
Flour offerings, usually mixed with oil, wine libations, and bread loaf offerings in the Temple.
Slaughter of animals and birds for non-consecrated purposes, other aspects of kashrut.
Transfer of first-born kosher animals to a priest, redemption of first-born donkeys and people.
Vowing to donate a person’s prescribed value delineated in the Torah to the Temple, donations of land to the Temple.
The sanctity of animals dedicated for sacrifice and the prohibition of exchanging them for others.
Karet, divinely-issued severance from the Jewish people, and sacrifices for unintentional sin.
Prohibited benefit from Temple property, the sacrifice and restitution offered as atonement.
The daily Temple service, including the burnt-offerings brought every morning and afternoon.
Seder Tahorot(Purity)
The ritual impurity of a woman in her menstrual cycle or experiencing particular discharges.
Minor Tractates
Tractates not included in the canonizations of the Mishnah and the Talmud.
Companion volume to Pirkei Avot with maxims of wisdom alongside explanations and stories
Slaves and indentured servants; their sale, acquisition, working conditions, and liberation process.
Converts to Judaism, the conversion process, and non-Jewish residents of Israel who observe the seven laws of Noah.
Aramaic elaboration on parts of tractates Kallah, Derekh Eretz Rabbah, and Derekh Eretz Zuta.
The religious status of Samaritans, permitted and prohibited interactions with them.
Writing the mezuzah, a scroll of parchment containing the Shema, and hanging it on the doorpost.
Writing and treatment of a Torah scroll; almost identical to the beginning of Tractate Soferim.
Laws and customs relating to death: the moment of death, burial, mourning, and cemetery conduct.
Writing Torah scrolls and other holy books, the public reading of biblical texts.
Preparing and wearing Tefillin, leather boxes containing biblical passages written on parchment.
Guides
Short 15th-century guide with practical instructions for studying the Talmud and its commentaries
19th-century introduction to the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds describing talmudic methodology and the development of oral law.
Rishonim on Talmud
Commentators who lived in the 11th through 16th centuries.
[Rashi](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rashi)
Classic 11th-century commentary known for its concise and clear explanations and considered a key resource in studying Talmud.
[Rashbam](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rashbam)
12th-century commentary by Rashi’s grandson, printed in place of Rashi’s commentary on most of Bava Batra and alongside Rashi on the last chapter of Pesachim.
[Tosafot](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Tosafot)
Analytic commentary addressing textual difficulties and harmonizing conflicting passages, composed throughout the 12th and 13th centuries.
[Chiddushei Ramban](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Chiddushei Ramban)
Influential 13th-century analytic commentary incorporating approaches from a wide range of earlier commentators.
[Rif](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rif)
11th-century code that presents practical legal conclusions of talmudic passages and served later authorities as a basis for determining law.
[Commentary of the Rosh](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Commentary of the Rosh)
13th or 14th-century commentary of Rabbi Asher ben Yechiel on tractates Nedarim, Nazir, and Tamid.
[Ktav Yad Rashi](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Ktav Yad Rashi)
Manuscript of Rashi’s 11th-century commentary on tractates Menachot and Bekhorot, included in printed editions of the Talmud.
Anonymous commentary on tractate Tamid printed in the Vilna edition in place of Rashi.
[Meiri](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Meiri)
13th-century commentary with digest-like summaries of the Talmud’s conclusions and earlier interpretations.
13th-century commentary summarizing legal conclusions from the Talmud based on earlier authorities, considered a central work of Ashkenazi law.
[Piskei Tosafot](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Piskei Tosafot)
Medieval work summarizing the bottom-line legal conclusions that emerge from the Tosafists’ Talmud commentary.
[Rabbeinu Chananel](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rabbeinu Chananel)
First extensive Talmud commentary, compiled in the 11th-century, paraphrasing legal passages and noting their conclusions.
[Rabbeinu Gershom](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rabbeinu Gershom)
10th or 11th-century commentary on Ta’anit, Bava Batra, and the tractates of Seder Kodashim, among the earliest of Ashkenazi talmudic interpretations.
[Ran](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Ran)
14th-century commentary on tractate Nedarim, printed alongside the text of the Talmud and considered the foremost commentary on the tractate.
[Rashba](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rashba)
13th-century commentary by Rabbi Shlomo ibn Aderet, a student of the Ramban who largely followed the methodology of his teacher.
[Rav Nissim Gaon](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rav Nissim Gaon)
11th-century commentary by a teacher of the Rif and rosh yeshiva in Kairouan, printed alongside the Talmud in tractates Berakhot, Shabbat, and Eruvin.
[Ri Migash](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Ri Migash)
12th-century commentary by R. Joseph ibn Migash
[Ritva](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Ritva)
14th-century commentary by Rabbi Yom Tov ben Avraham Assevilli, a student of the Rashba and the Re’ah.
[Rosh](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Rosh)
Influential 14th-century code presenting practical legal conclusions of talmudic passages, based on the work of the Rif.
[Tosafot HaRosh](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Tosafot HaRosh)
14th-century commentary of Rabbi Asher ben Yechiel, based in large part on commentaries of the Tosafists.
[Tosafot Ri HaZaken](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Tosafot Ri HaZaken)
Commentary on tractate Kiddushin erroneously published under the name of a 12th-century French Tosafist, but in fact the work of 14th-century Rabbi Avraham min Hahar.
[Tosafot Rid](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Tosafot Rid)
13th-century commentary by a prominent Italian Tosafist, who compiled several editions to some tractates and often critiqued his own earlier positions.
[Tosafot Shantz](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Tosafot Shantz)
13th-century commentary attributed to the French Tosafist Rabbi Shimshon of Sens, printed alongside the text of tractate Sotah.
[Tosafot Yeshanim](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Tosafot Yeshanim)
Additional commentary of the Tosafists, traditionally printed alongside the text of the Talmud in several tractates.
[Yad Ramah](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Rishonim on Talmud/Yad Ramah)
13th-century commentary of Rabbi Meir Abulafia, known by his acronym “Ramah,” a leading rabbinic figure in medieval Spain.
Acharonim on Talmud
Commentators who lived in the 16th through 19th centuries.
[Ben Yehoyada](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Ben Yehoyada)
19th-century commentary on aggadic portions of the Talmud by the Ben Ish Chai, incorporating analytic and kabbalistic interpretations.
[Benayahu](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Benayahu)
19th-century follow-up work by the Ben Ish Chai to his commentary Ben Yehoyada, with additional interpretations on aggadic portions of the Talmud.
[Chidushei Agadot](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Chidushei Agadot)
17th-century commentary by the Maharsha analyzing aggadic talmudic passages, printed together with his Chidushei Halakhot in the back of the Vilna Talmud.
[Chidushei Halachot](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Chidushei Halachot)
17th-century work by the Maharsha analyzing the commentaries of Rashi and Tosafot, as well as legal parts of the Talmud.
[Chokhmat Shlomo](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Chokhmat Shlomo)
16th-century glosses by the Maharshal focused on establishing the correct text of the Talmud.
20th-century commentary by Rav Avraham Yitzchak HaKohen Kook on Ein Yaakov, a compilation of aggadic material in the Talmud.
[Gilyon HaShas](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Gilyon HaShas)
19th-century notes of Rabbi Akiva Eiger on the margins of the the Talmud.
18th-century commentary by Rabbi Pinchas Horowitz of Frankfurt, with a focus on analyzing the Talmud through the method of pilpul.
[Haggahot Ya'avetz](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Haggahot Ya'avetz)
18th-century notes on the Talmud by Rabbi Yaakov Emden, a well-known German scholar.
[Maharam](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Maharam)
17th-century work by Rabbi Meir of Lublin with concise interpretations of the talmudic text and the commentaries of Rashi and Tosafot.
[Maharam Schiff](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Maharam Schiff)
17th-century commentary by Rabbi Meir ben Yaakov Schiff, based on classes he delivered in a yeshiva in Germany.
[Marit HaAyin](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Marit HaAyin)
19th-century commentary by the Chida on aggadic sections of the Talmud, based largely on letter schemes and kabbalistic teachings.
[Penei Yehoshua](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Penei Yehoshua)
Widely-studied 18th-century commentary by Rabbi Ya'akov Yehoshua Falk, largely focused on resolving questions posed by Tosafot on Rashi.
[Petach Einayim](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Petach Einayim)
18th-century commentary by the Chida, mainly on aggadic parts of the Talmud with some legal discussion as well.
[Rashash](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Rashash)
19th-century annotations based on classes that the author, Rabbi Shmuel Strashun, delivered in a synagogue in Lithuania.
[Sha'arei Torat Bavel](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Sha'arei Torat Bavel)
20th-century commentary on the Babylonian Talmud by Lithuanian Rabbi Zev Wolf Rabinowitz.
[Shita Mekubetzet](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Acharonim on Talmud/Shita Mekubetzet)
Collection of earlier talmudic commentaries compiled in the 16th century by R. Betzalel Ashkenazi
Modern Commentary on Talmud
21st-century work by Rav Shagar analyzing the discussions of martyrdom in tractate Sanhedrin and in Maimonides’ Sefer HaMitzvot.
[Daf Shevui](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Modern Commentary on Talmud/Daf Shevui)
21st-century English commentary meant to be accessible for beginners by Dr. Joshua Kulp, rosh yeshiva of the Conservative Yeshiva in Jerusalem.
Rereading the Rabbis; A Woman's Voice
20th-century commentary analyzing the Talmud through a feminist lens by Dr. Judith Hauptman, professor of Talmud at The Jewish Theological Seminary.
[Reshimot Shiurim](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Modern Commentary on Talmud/Reshimot Shiurim)
20th-century notes of Talmud classes taught by Rabbi Joseph Soloveitchik, recorded by his student, Rabbi Hershel Reichman.
[Steinsaltz](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Modern Commentary on Talmud/Steinsaltz)
20th-century translation of the Talmud into modern Hebrew with accompanying explanations by Rabbi Adin Steinsaltz.
Commentary on Minor Tractates
[Haggahot Ya'avetz](/texts/Talmud/Bavli/Commentary on Minor Tractates/Haggahot Ya'avetz)
18th-century notes on the Talmud by Rabbi Yaakov Emden, a well-known German scholar.
About Talmud
The Talmud is the textual record of generations of rabbinic debate about law, philosophy, and biblical interpretation, compiled between the 3rd and 8th centuries and structured as commentary on the Mishnah with stories interwoven. The Talmud exists in two versions: the more commonly studied Babylonian Talmud was compiled in present-day Iraq, while the Jerusalem Talmud was compiled in Israel.
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