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Papers by RWIGEMA PIERRE-CELESTIN

The strategic journal of business & change management, Jan 19, 2024

As a continuously growing industry worldwide, tourism has often demonstrated its role as a vital ... more As a continuously growing industry worldwide, tourism has often demonstrated its role as a vital tool in the advancement of economies through direct domestic and foreign exchange earnings and through the employment and investment opportunities it can generate. African countries, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa, often over-reliant on one or two sectors for economic development, have recognized the potential of the tourism industry to diversify local economies and contribute to poverty alleviation, economic regeneration and stability, affording many Africans the opportunity to participate in and benefit from tourism. This paper provides an overview of domestic tourism in Rwanda, highlighting its significance, attractions, and initiatives undertaken by the government to promote this sector. By understanding the potential and benefits of domestic tourism, Rwanda aims to stimulate economic growth, enhance community livelihoods, and foster a sense of national pride among its citizens. The participation of local populations in Africa's tourism industries, however, is often limited to employment opportunities. Travel by local tourists is often overlooked by members of the tourism industry, and is often considered a luxury by many in the local population. The role of domestic tourism and its importance for the creation of a sustainable tourism industry has been widely acknowledged, but limited writings on the subject exist and few tourism policies include domestic tourism, neglecting its potential. The emergence of a new African middle-class, equipped with more of a disposable income and influenced by Western lifestyles, has proven that such potential does in fact exist. Those living in Africa as well as members of the Diaspora have shown more of an interest in leisure travel and represent a new tourism market. Globally, the impact of domestic tourism has been shown to have had a great impact on the tourism economies of several countries, demonstrating that African countries can only serve to benefit from participating in domestic tourism. This research report provides a case study of Rwanda, an African country emerging from 1994 Genocide against Tutsi war and devastation, aiming to rebuild itself economically, socially and politically. The country has chosen tourism as one of its main economic drivers for poverty reduction and economic development. While the industry is succeeding, an over-reliance on international visitors in such a volatile region threatens the sustainability of the industry. The development of a domestic tourism industry, as has been demonstrated in other countries, offers the opportunity to generate a more diverse and economically sustainable domestic tourism industry. This research focuses on the potential-102-The Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management.

Initiatives aimed at increasing the participation of women in the tech industry in Rwanda and the... more Initiatives aimed at increasing the participation of women in the tech industry in Rwanda and their impact on social and economic development. 30 years after genocide against Tutsi in Rwanda.

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management

Community Development Policy aims to mobilize and empower the Rwandan community to exercise its p... more Community Development Policy aims to mobilize and empower the Rwandan community to exercise its powers in decision making in order to promote development, commensurate with the progress of decentralization. The policy is formulated in response to the challenges the community still confronts: extreme poverty, illiteracy, a culture of deference to authority and the widespread use of traditional farming methods which constrain significant sustainable development. Analysis of the regional situation (EAC Vision 2050, various official sources) indicates a number of important phenomena and socioeconomic developments characterizing the EAC-with the region's socioeconomic development status and trends over the recent past reflecting an improvement in a number of areas. Among others, the Community has been identified as one of the fastest growing regions in Sub-Saharan Africa-with an average GDP growth of 6.2 percent in 2015. It is also one of the largest regional economic blocs, and has one of the largest single markets in Africa-with a total population of about 150 million. It has a diversified economic base-offering a variety of business and investment opportunities. In addition, the region is increasingly creating a business-friendly environmentbeing the world's fastest reforming region-with a largely stable economic and political environment; harmonised tariff; great market access to all regions in Africa, Middle East and Asia, as well as preferential market access to the US, the EU and some other developed countries. EAC's major economic trends indicate, inter alia, that real GDP growth in EAC Partner States varied over the past five years, driven by diverse factors-with average growth over the past five years having been 4.2 percent. The collective GDP (at current prices) of the five EAC Partner States (excluding the Republic of South Sudan) stood-as of 2016-at USD 156.7 billion (after rebasing in some Partner States in 2014). The region has also managed to sustain economic expansion, despite a number of international economic shocks. As regards inflation, exchange rate depreciation pressures, coupled with supply factors, have rendered the consumer prices to remain above the target levels of inflation in the region-although the situation is expected to improve in the medium-term. Also noteworthy is that in the External Sector, over the review period, the EAC Partner States registered increases in their total trade, despite having increasing current account balances; while in the Fiscal Sector, the Partner States continue to face shortages of local resources to finance their budgets, given pressures to finance infrastructure developments and human development needs-with the overall deficit in the region, on average, having varied between 4.4 percent in 2013, to 6.2 percent in 2015. As regards infrastructure development in the region, in response to the existing situation characterised by a largely underdeveloped

Sustainable development is a critical goal for nations across the globe, particularly in regions ... more Sustainable development is a critical goal for nations across the globe, particularly in regions like East Africa where socioeconomic challenges are prevalent. This document explores the role of effective leadership and cultural democracy in fostering sustainable development in East Africa. Drawing on scholarly literature, case studies, and expert opinions, it examines how leadership practices and cultural values can be leveraged to address environmental, economic, and social concerns. By promoting inclusivity, participatory decisionmaking, and respect for diverse cultural identities, East African countries can embark on a path towards sustainable development. This paper provides insights and recommendations for policymakers, community leaders, and stakeholders to promote sustainable development through effective leadership and cultural democracy in East Africa. From the findings East Africa encompasses a diverse array of nations, cultures, and ecosystems. While the region holds immense potential for economic growth and development, it also faces significant challenges such as poverty, environmental degradation, and social inequality. Achieving sustainable development in East Africa requires innovative approaches that integrate effective leadership and cultural democracy into policy and decision-making processes. As any organizations culture is formed by its history, vision, values, practices, behaviors, beliefs, routine people its business and how people relate and communicate. Best leaders are those with the ability to relate and guide better working and living relationships among citizens. By advocating for effective leadership that respect and interpret East African cultural values into democratic process. The research aims to promote strategies for fostering inclusive development that aligns with local norms and tradition.

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management

This study focused on the impact of teacher's welfare on quality of education in East Afr... more This study focused on the impact of teacher's welfare on quality of education in East African Community. Teacher's welfare was regarded as the independent variable, while quality of education was the dependent variable. This is an account of a cross-sectional study of how school welfare provision influences teacher performance in the East African Region. The study employed descriptive research design which was more suitable because it enabled the researcher to acquire information from a selected population and the sample findings were viewed as being a representation of the population as a whole. This usually calls for the attention of scholars and researchers. Teachers' welfare is an indispensable factor for consideration-while thinking about human resources element "which is fundamental to the achievement of the school objective. Teachers' welfare (regular payment of salary, prompt promotion, fringe benefit and /other incentives packages and in-service-training) as independent variable in the study is perceived to determine the level of enhanced quality academic achievement. From the Findings, School administrators and policy makers determine a minimum social welfare package for teachers. It should comprise of a set of welfare programmes that satisfy teachers' varied needs as well as providing the capacity to fulfill school goals. This welfare package should be implemented with the aim of arousing teacher behaviours that promote commitment to work and personal advancement. The teaching profession provides useful avenues to enable teachers to meet their welfare needs and motivations with little hardships. There should be a process where teachers' needs and motivations intrinsically and extrinsically influence their behaviours to always look to high performance and positive change experiences in the schools. Through professional training and development programmes administrators can motivate teachers into high performers, creative and innovative employees. School administrators always reward teacher performance in order to optimize teachers' commitment, creativity and achievement. This is because the value of the reward should be highly productive. This could be done either through financial remuneration or improvement in the terms and conditions of service. For further research, there is need to replicate the same study on all other education institutions because the issue of welfare improvement is universally demanded in organizational growth and development. Secondly, there is need to investigate the factors influencing school welfare provision because these factors account for the level of welfare access in schools.

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management

president Joe Biden announced that he would support the African Union joining the G20 group of la... more president Joe Biden announced that he would support the African Union joining the G20 group of large or major economies as a permanent member part of Washington's effort to reinvigorate ties with a region that has taken a back seat to other priorities in recent years. India holds the presidency of the G20 from December 2022 to November 30 2023. Brazil would host the G20 in 2024 followed by South Africa in 2025. The group of twenty (G20) was formed in 1999 and was originally a meeting the ministers of finance and governors of central banks in the effort to broaden the discussion of policies that are beneficial for reasoning the global economic and financial crisis. The group of twenty (G20) is the premier forum for interpretation economic cooperation. The G20 leaders' summit 2022 convened under the Indonesian presidency focused on three pillars; Global Health Architecture, Sustainable Energy Transition and Digital Transformation through these pillars Indonesia will continue to take the lead on ensuring equitable access to Covid-19 vaccines, promoting sustainable and inclusive economic development through MSMEs participation and digital economy. The African Union's (AU) Agenda 2063 "The Africa We Want" has defined a vision and action plan for the continent's sustainable socioeconomic transformation. Its first 10-year implementation strategy was adopted by the AU Summit in 2015. Africa also has a strong commitment to the implementation of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development that heads of state and government decided upon at the

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management

Rwanda is a country with a turbulent recent history punctuated by recurrent identity-based violen... more Rwanda is a country with a turbulent recent history punctuated by recurrent identity-based violence with harrowing and notorious effects. Political turmoil in Rwanda has been a cyclic and had reached its peak with the 1994 Genocide against the Tutsi where hundreds of thousands of Tutsis were systematically killed under the leadership of Hutu extremists then in power after the obscure shooting down of the aircraft of Hutu President Habyarimana Juvenal. Twenty nine years have now passed since the genocide against the Tutsi and the military victory of the RPF that liberated the country and stopped the Genocide against the Tutsi. During this period, a new generation has been born and raised under the leadership of the RPF. This generation, which has no direct recollection of the genocide against the Tutsi and of the events and circumstances that led to it, is being brought up with the expectation of moving towards a better future based on the harsh lessons of the past. Post-conflict states face more difficulties than others to develop. This is not surprising considering the many challenges associated with ensuring peace and stability, reconstructing the state, rebuilding infrastructure, etc. Africa indeed has a number of examples of post-conflict states that struggle with improving their desperate conditions. The new aid paradigm, that focuses on country ownership of development and the strengthening of country systems to deliver services to the population is challenged by post-conflict and fragile states where a State's capacity to manage its own affairs is low and scrutiny of the Government by the public is not possible. In case a government does not appear to make progress to improve these conditions, how can one improve effectiveness of Development Partners support? The RPF leading government introduced several reforms aimed at rebuilding the country, including the decentralization of power, the promotion of reconciliation, and the establishment of new institutions, such as the National Unity and Reconciliation Commission and the Gacaca courts. Since then, Rwanda has made significant progress in terms of governance, including in areas such as anti-corruption, gender equality, and social-economic development. However, critics have also raised from Human Right Watch Organizations (HRWO) concerns about the government's authoritarian tendencies, lack of political opposition, and human rights abuses. The current landscape of Rwanda's institutions reflects these complex historical developments, with a mix of centralized and decentralized power structures, a stronghold political ruling party, and efforts to promote reconciliation and development.

The strategic Journal, 2022

The birth of 1992 democracy in Kenya called for a multi-party participation in Kenya's electoral ... more The birth of 1992 democracy in Kenya called for a multi-party participation in Kenya's electoral system. This also marked the emergence of the fourth republic, the longest republic after the attainment of independence in 1963. To have a successful administration of elections in Kenya, there are some key processes followed by the Electoral Commission in the administration of the free, fair and transparent elections. This study looked at Kenya General Multi Party Electoral Processes and Electoral Challenges, with regards to past seven general elections. This article asked what Kenya's 2017 general elections tell us about the capacity of a new constitution to reduce the stakes of political competition and prospects of political instability. Three constitutional changes are particularly important: the adoption of a 50% + 1 threshold for the presidential election; the devolution of power to 47 county governments; and the introduction of a Supreme Court with the right to hear presidential electoral petitions. We found that the impact of the 2010 constitution had been mixed. The 50% plus 1 threshold encouraged coalition formation, but this dynamic had long been evident. Devolution had given a wider set of Kenyans a stake in the system, but also created new structures that can be used to channel dissent against the state. The Supreme Court demonstrated its capacity to act as an independent institution, but did little to sustain electoral legitimacy. Indeed, while the 2010 constitution was clearly reshaped the political landscape, it was a personal deal that ended the post-election impasse. The elections therefore demonstrate how formal institutions alone cannot change political logics and revealed the continued significance of individual politicians and informal institutions that may compete with or complement their formal counterparts.

Rwanda just hosted a successful Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), the first since... more Rwanda just hosted a successful Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting (CHOGM), the first since the pandemic struck and the 6th ever held in Africa. The road to CHOGM 2022 was far from smooth, with the meeting being postponed twice (2020 and 2021) due to the Covid-19 pandemic and other pandemic-related challenges that further complicated preparations. Other dynamics came into play in the run-up to the Summit-notably the unprovoked shelling of the Rwandan territory by the Congolese army and the genocidal FDLR militia, which partly sought to suck Rwanda into an internal DR Congo crisis and possibly derail CHOGM preparations. Nonetheless, thanks to the government's commitment to host a successful CHOGM, with support from the private sector and other actors, the meeting has taken place seamlessly, attracting thousands of delegates from around the world. And the wide range of rich deliberations held during a series of forums and side events in the lead-up to the Heads of Government's Executive Sessions and Retreat ensured that the conversations at this year's CHOGM edition were not only inclusive but also tackled relevant and most pressing global challenges. The fact that Rwanda has been able to host is also a vindication of H.E. President Paul Kagame's long-term vision (including turning Rwanda into a MICE hub), which has since transformed Rwanda into an active player on the global scene. Going forward, it's now up to the people of Rwanda to step up and match the country's vision by making use of the most of the opportunities it continues to deliver.

None can doubt about the central role that contribute to leadership and good governance to the su... more None can doubt about the central role that contribute to leadership and good governance to the success of any country or any company and economic development. Promoting good governance and getting attainment of general rights has a significant bearing on political, social and economic growth and the way that a given Country performs in all sectors. The nexus between leadership and governance is that good leadership sets the strong foundation for good governance. This paper engaged in the conceptual analysis and examination of the governance and leadership phenomenon based on secondary data, analyzes its relevance in Rwanda. Findings revealed that, for the past decades, Rwanda was marked by bad governance based on dictatorship, politics of fear, discrimination and exclusion of a section of its people in the governance of their own country. In fact, the country by lacked vision, characterized with high level of corruption and poverty, compounded with politics of hate and division consequently, resulted into Genocide against Tutsis in 1994 that claimed over a million lives. Prior the general elections were held in Rwanda, but were never based on the constructive ideas or competence of the candidates but rather on ethnicity, origin, religion and other issues from which forms of discrimination excluded some citizens from participating the governance of their country. Twenty eight years ago, Rwanda was considered a failed state, deeply devastated in all aspects of life, whose future was simply unclear following the 1994 genocide against Tutsis. The whole system was down from economy to security through justice and infrastructures. However, conditions currently observed in the country have been called "the Rwandan miracle." The country has achieved tremendous progress both politically and economically. The fundamental causes of this decade of quick development are most likely the following: committed leadership, inclusive and positive ideology, strict political will, and lessons from the genocide and Rwandan history. After the elections, the elected leaders did not concern themselves with the needs of people's problems they were allegedly representing. To make our forefather's dreams into reality, a country of milk and honey, new regime under the HE, Paul KAGAME leadership, ensured democracy, good governance and leadership where citizens are on top and center of everything, leaders are people's servant and accountability is imperative if good governance and leadership is to be attained in Rwanda. Note that, achieving leadership and good governance is one of the Rwandan greatest successes that determined the success of policies and programmes to promote Rwandan's development.

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Nov 8, 2021

Rwanda is gifted not only with breathtaking landscapes, diverse flora and fauna as well as rich t... more Rwanda is gifted not only with breathtaking landscapes, diverse flora and fauna as well as rich traditional culture but with people who love their country and stand up for nature conservation and the wellbeing of their communities. Rwanda's economic growth over the last two decade has been remarkable. With a government that is committed to achieving sustainable economic growth coupled with growth in employment opportunities for its people, Rwanda has made impressive progress in rehabilitating and stabilizing its economy to exceed pre-1994 levels. Tourism is one of the largest foreign exchange earners and fastest-growing sectors in the East African Community (EAC). According to the EAC Secretariat, tourist arrivals in the EAC region increased from 3.5 million persons in 2006 to about 7 million in 2019. Tourism contributed to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the EAC Partner States by an average of 9.5% in 2019. It contributed an average of 17.2% to EAC total exports and 7.1% to employment. However, the upward trajectory in tourism in the region, with its positive impact on the economy was devastatingly affected by the onset of COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. The effect of COVID-19 emphasized the tremendous importance and positive contribution of Travel & Tourism. It enables socioeconomic development, job creation, poverty reduction, driving prosperity and significant positive social impact, including providing unique opportunities to women, minorities, and youth. To achieve the objectives, the study deployed a mixed-methods approach of data collection. This entailed a qualitative method through interviews with key industry informants and a quantitative method whereby a semi-structured survey questionnaire was administered to all key subsectors of the tourism and hospitality industry. The latter was aimed at determining how the sector was impacted upon at micro-level. In addition, the study involved analysis of trends in key tourism indicators from statistical reports from Partner States and other sources. These included indicators such as international tourist arrivals, tourism receipts, tourism jobs, visitors to parks, and hotel occupancy rates. The lockdown, social distancing, and increased costs associated with the COVID-19 pandemic have reduced output and employment, increased poverty, and depressed trade transactions; in the absence of a strong response by government, output will be lower over the next decade due to COVID-19. The pandemic-driven rise in the fiscal deficit is increasing public debt, thus exacerbating existing challenges to sustainability and increasing the urgency of shifting from large public investments to human capital development as the main driver of growth. The government's rapid response to the pandemic has succeeded in keeping the population share of new infections and of deaths well below that of most other countries. However, critical health services, particularly childhood immunization and nutrition services, have been disrupted, which is increasing stunting

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Sep 26, 2021

Intra-African trade, which has remained under 12 per cent in the last decade, is low compared to ... more Intra-African trade, which has remained under 12 per cent in the last decade, is low compared to other major regions of the world. In January 2012, the African Union (AU) Summit of African Heads of State and Government endorsed the theme of "Boosting Intra-African trade" and called on Member States, Regional Economic Communities (RECs) and the AU Commission to promote industrial development with a view to diversify economies and moving away from heavy reliance on traditional primary commodities for export. Using disaggregate export and import statistics Harmonized System at the 6-digit level from BACI and COMTRADE data sets between 1998 and 2009, measures of export diversification (using Harfindahl-Hirshman Index) and intra-industry trade (using Grubel-Lloyd Index) are computed for Rwanda which is available from National Institute of Statistics. The paper also reviewed the works of other researchers on the impact of trade impacts on export performance in Rwanda. Secondary data was used for purposes of qualitative research. On the other hand, the researcher used ex-ante descriptive tools to review Rwanda's export situation and from there drew conclusions on the potential of the Rwanda's export performance with data coming from EAC, COMESA, SADC and FTA and other data sources for purposes of quantitative analysis.Preliminary results indicated that while both export diversification and intra-industry trade in Africa are generally low, there are exception cases. In addition, a positive correlation between export diversification and intra-industry trade is found for the sample of African countries. This has implication for policy dialogue suggesting that any future trade policy designed to favor export diversification has positive implications for intra-industry trade and vice versa. Other findings from the technical work provided two important contributions to the direction of current trade policy dialogue on boosting Intra-African trade. First, export diversification and intra-industry trade policies should not be treated in isolation. Second, we identified constraints towards export diversification and intra-industry trade in Africa crucial towards better understanding and subsequently developing effective program of actions for boosting Intra-African trade. Rwanda's economic performance in the near future depends very much on the strategic investment programmes to improve its infrastructure, the global demand for its exports, and the improved business climate and its effects on promoting private investment. In order for Rwanda to overcome infrastructure bottlenecks and other supply-side constraints, investment is needed in, inter alia, broadening access to electricity for the population by increasing household grid-connectivity; the railway line to facilitate Rwanda's import/export trade; the construction of an international airport in Bugesera; and in irrigation systems to promote agricultural productivity.

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Aug 31, 2021

Rwanda is a landlocked country situated in Central Africa, bordered to the North by Uganda, to th... more Rwanda is a landlocked country situated in Central Africa, bordered to the North by Uganda, to the East by Tanzania, to the South by Burundi and to the West by the Democratic Republic of Congo. Considered to be among the smallest countries on the continent, Rwanda's total area is estimated to be 26,338 KM 2. According to Rwanda's National Institute of Statistics (NISR), in 2015, the population density in Rwanda was estimated to be 445 people per KM 2 and the total population is approximately 11,809,295 according to 2017 NISR projection. Also known as the 'Land of a thousand hills', Rwanda is situated at an altitude ranging between 1,000 m above sea level in the eastern part to 4,500 m of the Karisimbi, the country's highest mountain near the border with the Democratic Republic of the Congo. With an estimated population of about 12 million people (NISR, 2019 estimates), 52% of which are women, Rwanda has one of highest population densities in Africa (458.75/Km2). With over 40% of the population under the age of 30 (RPHC, 2012), Rwanda also boasts of one of the most youthful populations on the continent. With the support of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank, Rwanda has been able to make important economic and structural reforms and sustain its economic growth rates over the last decade. Rwanda has made good progress over the last two decades since the enormous challenges faced in the aftermath of a genocide against the Tutsi that destroyed the entire social and economic fabric of this country. Rwandans have benefited from rapid economic growth, reduced poverty and the equality and increased access to services including health and education. This has been possible through the strong leadership under H.E Paul Kagame, President of the Republic of Rwanda and vision through high level commitment by government of Rwanda. More to this is Rwandan people choice as can be seen the leadership attributes behind Rwanda's transformation change and continuity. Rwanda's institutions evolved and developed into stronger, stable and sustainable in such a way that their efficiency have become a culture a rarity among many African countries. The aim of the study was to assess how Rwanda has fared with respect to economic transformation over the past 27 years and suggest recommendations for accelerating its progress. In this study, we not only analysed the trends in Rwanda's economic indicators over time, but also reviewed the policies that underlined the observed trends, with the aim of giving policy explanations and policy recommendations to accelerate economic transformation in Rwanda. There is evidence of a significant increase in private sector investment following the introduction of a revised tax code and implementation of the doing business reforms since 2005 although there was a downturn due to the World economic crisis in 2009. Both foreign and domestic investments have increased with FDI exceeding local investment and new jobs have been created. Exports have increased and there is some evidence of a beginning of export diversification into areas prioritised by

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Dec 28, 2020

Economic disruptions from COVID-19 have left Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises MSMEs in R... more Economic disruptions from COVID-19 have left Micro, Small and Medium-Sized Enterprises MSMEs in Rwanda struggling to survive. Many Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Rwanda saw their incomes disappear overnight because of COVID-19. The impact of the pandemic on the business operations, supply chains, as well as the household income and expenditure of MSMEs was greatly affected by the outbreak of coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) which severely affected the global and Rwandan economy at large. It delved deeper into the coping strategies these enterprises adopted to mitigate the effects of this disruption among MSMEs in Rwanda. To control and contain the pandemic; Rwanda implemented a range of containment measures including border closure, suspension of domestic travel, cancellation of public gatherings, institutions teleworking, and closure of schools, places of worship, and non-essential businesses. These measures worked well for Rwanda to contain the pandemic, as of 21st December 2020, Rwanda reported 7,402 cases of COVID-19 infection. However, these measures negatively affected the livelihoods of many Rwandans, especially those who earn their living on daily basis. Furthermore, the measures also considerably affected the Microfinance sector which serves the majority of the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSME and SMEs). The target population was the Rwandan microfinance sector that consists of 460 institutions, of which three are microfinance banks, 19 limited liability companies, 416 Umurenge SACCOs, and 22 non-Umurenge SACCOs. The microfinance sector serves nearly four million micro, medium, and small entrepreneurs (MSMEs and SMEs) in Rwanda, as per the Association of Microfinance Rwanda (AMIR). The article adopted an exploratory methodology with comprehensively reviewing the available literature, including policy documents, research papers, and reports in the relevant field. Combination of quantitative and qualitative methods was used to analyze data, while questionnaires and interviews were used to collect data. Further, to add empirical evidence, the study collected data from 110 MSMEs registered in Kigali province by administering an online questionnaire. The data were analyzed through descriptive statistics. The results indicated that most of the participating enterprises had been severely affected and they were facing several issues such as financial, supply chain disruption, decrease in demand, reduction in sales and profit, among others. The study estimated a large increase in the failure rate of MSMEs under COVID-19 of nearly 9 percentage points, absent government support. Accommodation & Food Services, Arts, Entertainment & Recreation, Education, and Other Services are among the most affected sectors. The jobs at risk due to COVID-19 related MSMEs business failures represented 3.1 percent of private sector employment. Despite the large impact on business failures and employment, we estimated only moderate effects on the financial sector: the share of Non-Performing Loans on bank balance sheets would increase by up to 11percentage points, representing 0.3 percent of banks’ assets and resulting in a 0.75 percentage point decline in the common equity Tier-1 capital ratio. The results had important implications for the severity of the COVID-19 recession, the design of policies, and the speed of the recovery.

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Jun 21, 2021

Global warming has become one of the major challenges in maintaining global food security. Climat... more Global warming has become one of the major challenges in maintaining global food security. Climate change triggered by global warming poses a major threat to agricultural systems globally and in East Africa in particular. This phenomenon is characterized by emergence of pests and diseases, extreme weather events, such as prolonged drought, high intensity rains, hailstones and frosts, which are becoming more frequent thus, impacting negatively agricultural productivity including rain-fed tea cultivation. East Africa countries are predominantly an agriculturally based economy, with the tea and coffee sector playing key role as a cash crop. In the recent years, however, the countries have witnessed unstable trends in tea and coffee production associated with climate driven stresses. Toward mitigation and adaptation of climate change, multiple approaches for impact assessment, intensity prediction and adaptation have been advanced in the East Africa countries tea sub-sector. This review described simulation models combined with high resolution climate change scenarios required to quantify the relative importance of the climate change on tea and coffee production. In addition, both biodiversity and ecosystem-based approaches were also described as a part of an overall adaptation strategy to mitigate adverse effects of climate change on tea and coffee in the East Africa countries and gaps highlighted for urgent investigations.

The strategic journal of business & change management, Jan 19, 2024

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management

The strategic Journal, 2022

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Nov 8, 2021

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Sep 26, 2021

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Aug 31, 2021

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Dec 28, 2020

Strategic Journal of Business & Change Management, Jun 21, 2021

http://ir.jkuat.ac.ke/handle/123456789/5208

The general objective of the study was to examine the role of electoral process on political stab... more The general objective of the study was to examine the role of electoral process on
political stability in East African Community States. In order to achieve the general
objective this study was guided by the following specific objectives: to determine the
role of pre-election phase processes on political stability in East African Community
States, to assess the role of election phase processes on political stability in East
African Community States, to evaluate the role of post-election phase processes on
political stability in East African Community States and to find out the moderating
role of political leadership on the relationship between electoral processes and
political stability in East Africa Community States. The research design adopted in
the study was a cross sectional survey design. The target population consisted of 123
individuals working within the electoral commissions of different EAC countries and
the EAC Legislative Assembly and a sample of 94 was drawn. The study adopted a
positivism philosophy. A stratified sampling technique was used to gather for proper
representation. Data collection instrument used was a questionnaire. Quantitative
data was analyzed statistically yielding frequencies, percentages, means and standard
deviations, while inferential statistical tools such as correlation and regression were
used to determine and explain variable relations by use of SPSS Version 21 program.
Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to test for significant differences and data
were presented in the form of tables, figures and charts. The study conducted various
tests including multi collinearity, autocorrelation tests, normality test and
heteroscedasticity tests. The study found out that there was a positive and significant
relationship between Pre-election phase processes, Election phase processes, Postelection phase processes and political stability. The constant term is 0.102 dependent
variable when all the independent variables are equal to zero. The constant term has a
p-value of 0.915 which is greater than 0.05. This implies that the constant term is
insignificant. The multiple regression on the role of electoral process on political
stability is thus an equation through the origin. If all the independent variables take
on the values of zero, there would be zero political stability in East Africa states. The
t statistics helps in determining the relative importance of each variable in the model.
As a guide regarding useful predictors, we look for t values well below -0.5 or above
+0.5. In this case the significant variable level of the variables was as follows;
election phase (0.000 less than P-value 0.05) then it was followed by pre-election
phase (p=0.021) and lastly the post-election phase (p=0.185), respectively. The entire
null hypotheses were rejected. The study concludes that Pre-election phase
processes, Election phase processes and Post-election phase processes have a
positive and significant effect on political stability. The study recommends East
African Community States leaders should consider the many factors involved in a
complex and dynamic situation before making decisions on electoral processes that
will influence the effectiveness, efficiency and ultimately the political stability of
individual partner states. Further the study recommends a future studies introducing
other moderating or an intervening variable in their models.