KSV Krishna Rao | Yogi Vemana University (original) (raw)

Papers by KSV Krishna Rao

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

Biomedical research involving layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanohybrid materials has received a ... more Biomedical research involving layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanohybrid materials has received a lot of attention. These LDH nanohybrid materials have distinct properties such as biocompatibility, variable chemical compositions, anion-exchange capacity, host-guest interactions, and crystallization-dissolution properties. Drug delivery is becoming increasingly important because it enables theranostics (therapeutics and diagnostics), a concept of next-generation medicine, to combine therapy and diagnosis. Based on the unique properties of LDH-based nanohybrid materials open up new avenues for simultaneous therapy and drug release applications in almost every field of medicine. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate recent advances in multifunctional LDH nanohybrid materials, ranging from fabrication to drug molecule release applications in various biomedical fields with therapeutic functions. Furthermore, these (LDH) nanohybrid materials have the potential to be used as both diagnostic agents and drug delivery carriers and there will be discussed in relation to advancements in bio-medical systems. Due to their exceptional physiochemical properties, two-dimensional LDHs nanohybrid materials are currently a fascinating topic of interest. LDHs have the potential to be useful in a variety of applications, such as energy, catalysis, and biomaterials; particularly in the bio-medical field as drug delivery systems. Despite the unique intrinsic properties of LDH nanohybrid materials, various functionalization strategies have been applied to LDHs, yielding even more exciting performance opportunities and providing guidelines for the design of novel functional nanomaterials.

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

Polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) were developed to increase half-life and bioavailability, m... more Polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) were developed to increase half-life and bioavailability, making them ideal for biocompatible targeted drug delivery. Hence, instead of using traditional treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, polymeric therapeutics have been used to reduce adverse effects. To address this need, the present work develops the potential natural bionanocomopsite from reduced graphene oxide, carboxymethyl chitosan, and sodium alginate DDS by the facile gelation technique for the targeted delivery of two anti-cancer drugs (5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin). These bionanocomposites are characterized by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopic, further evaluated the drug loading and entrapment efficiency. The in vitro drug release characteristics of drugs were performed in pH 1.2 and 7.4 at 37°C. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments of bionanocomposites against MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), results indicate that the highest rate of cancer cell death occurred compared to pure doxorubicin. This research not only provides rationale for enhancing a DDS tailored to MCF-7, but also suggests that DOX-rGO may be a potential therapeutic delivery vehicle.

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) have gained much attention in the last decade, mainly due to the... more Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) have gained much attention in the last decade, mainly due to their potential industrial applications. This work aims to develop sulfonate functionalized sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)-based PEMs and evaluate their application in drug delivery, toxic metal ion removal, and fuel cells. In the first attempt of this work, graft copolymers are synthesized, that is, NaCMC-g-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (NaCMC-g-AMPS) and NaCMC-g-4-vinylbenzene sulfonate (NaCMC-g-SVBS). In the second attempt, prepared PEMs of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)-based graft-copolymers (that are NaCMC-g-AMPS and NaCMC-g-SVBS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) along with their composites with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). Graft copolymers as well as PEMs are characterized by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The fabricated PEMs were studied for their adeptness in drug delivery, heavy metal ion removal, and fuel cell applications. All the developed PEMs exhibited significant swelling at room temperature and a high ionic exchange capacity. PMA-doped PEMs were studied further in terms of methanol permeability, and proton conductivity. PMA undoped PEMs demonstrated controlled release characteristics for the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil and as a sorbent for the removal of Cu 2+ metal ions.

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science , 2023

Naturally abundant clay minerals and their new hybrid materials are a class of layer edalumosilic... more Naturally abundant clay minerals and their new hybrid materials are a class of layer edalumosilicates possessing large specific surface area, chemical and mechanical stability, high cation exchange capacity, and good biocompatibility have made the clays excellent adsorbent materials [1-3]. Over the past decades, the studies on the adsorption and binding of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, by clay minerals play an active part in numerous fields of biomedical and nanotechnology, for example, for biosensors, biochips, and drug delivery materials [4-6]. Protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces can be studied through various analysis techniques [7]. Understanding the factors that dominate protein adsorption behaviors is very important for designing and synthesizing biomaterials. Thus far, many studies of protein adsorption onto various biomaterial surfaces have been carried out and adsorption mechanisms have been proposed from different aspects, such as topology structure, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, electrostatic interactions, and segment mobility of the surfaces [8-13].

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

In the recent years, there has been an emerging focus in the designing of various therapeutic dev... more In the recent years, there has been an emerging focus in the designing of various therapeutic devices for biomedical and biological applications. A variety of chemical compositions, structures, morphology, desired functional properties, thermodynamic properties, stimuli response, and chemical and physical interactions have shown significant interest in the use of natural, synthetic, and biohybrid polymeric hydrogels for drug delivery. In the last few decades, researchers have been mainly focused on organically modified poly(phosphazenes) (OPZs) to develop hybrid polymeric and organic-inorganic compounds. By understanding these points, here in the present investigation, we developed stimuli sensitive Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP) based semi-IPN hydrogels as potential devices for controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent. At first, we synthesized a new vinyl monomer, that is, mono(ethacryloyl-2-ethoxy)-pentakis(N 1 ,N 1-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamino)-cyclotriphosphazene using HCP, 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate and propyl amine. Then the synthesized monomer was involved in the designing of semi-IPNs through free radical polymerization using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a supporting polymer backbone. The synthesized monomer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1 H, and 13 C NMR. The structural, morphological, thermal properties, and polymer-drug interactions of the networks were investigated by FTIR, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. From the SEM images, it was observed that the network is compact and dense. The pH and temperature responsiveness of semi-IPNs was investigated by performing the diffusion studies in physiological solutions ranging from pH = 1.0-10.0 and at temperatures 25 o C and 37 o C. The % swelling ratio is maximum for high polymer-monomer ratio, minimum cross-linker concentration, low pH, and at 25 o C. Different network parameters (, ,)    c e M and were investigated. The in vitro release of 5-FU was conducted in pH = 1.2 and pH = 7.4 at 25 o C and 37 o C, and noticed that the release was affected by both the pH and temperature and also controlled by the composition of HCP monomer. Different kinetic models were approached to drug release profiles and finally, it was observed that non-Fickian diffusion was involved in the release mechanism and the data were well fitted with Higuchi square root model.

In recent years, many research groups paying attention in removal of heavy metal ions from pollut... more In recent years, many research groups paying attention in removal of heavy metal ions from polluted areas and also controlled drug delivery applications with the hydrogels based on both biomaterials and synthetic grade. Contamination with these heavy metal ions has also increased public concerns because of their toxicity even at lower concentrations, besides non-biodegradability and tendency of bioaccumulation. The increasing demand for the recovery of these metals from industrial effluents has elevated the development and the testing of new sorbing materials. Cancer is a class of disease which is characterized by abnormal cell growth in an uncontrolled manner in all over the body. Surgical intervention, radiation, and chemotherapeutic drug are major current cancer treatments. The use of chemotherapeutic treatment is often restricted by solubility of drugs, adverse systemic toxicity, and the appearance of drug resistance. Owing to these difficulties, there is a great demand to innovative drug delivery systems for better controlled and site specific delivery of antitumor drugs and that can overcome solubility and resistance problems. This review covers the recent developments of hydrogels in separation science and drug delivery applications. Synthetic methodologies for the fabrication of hydrogels and their responsiveness (pH and thermoresponsive) were discussed. In addition to this, we are focused on an overview of potential polymeric hydrogels for metal ion removal and anticancer drug release, paying attention to their efficacy in metal removal, and controlled release of 5-fluorouracil.

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have gained so much attention for drug and gene delivery since ... more Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have gained so much attention for drug and gene delivery since they have been introduced decades ago. The internal cavities and multivalent surface groups of PAMAM dendrimers have been widely used for small-molecule drugs/biomacromolecules encapsulation and conjugation. The involvement of PAMAM dendrimers in drug delivery systems (DDSs) has significantly improved drug pharmacokinetics and enhanced drug accumulation in pathological sites. The recent progress has been made on the design of stimuli-responsive PAMAM-based nano-sized vehicles that potentially deliver drugs in a spatially and/or temporally controlled fashion. Such smart dendrimer nanocarriers further the efficiency of targeted drug delivery, while decrease systemic exposure. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the design of PAMAM dendrimer-based DDSs that are able to release carried therapeutics only in response to a specific endogenous and exogenous stimuli.

The study highlights the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by fresh leaves of Tridax procu... more The study highlights the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by fresh leaves of Tridax procumbens (TP), an herbal medicinal plant. The bio-reduction of auric chloride ion (Au +3) is quite rapid, readily to be performed at room temperature. This study describes a rapid and eco-friendly synthesis of TP-GNPs are be done using TP leaf extract in a single pot process and is observed when the medium turns into purple color with the addition of aqueous Au +3. The formation of TP-GNPs is verified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The possible functional groups of TP leaf extract and their changes after treating with aqueous auric chloride are evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The size of synthesized TP-GNPs is measured by dynamic light scattering analysis, and morphology is examined by transmission electron microscopy in nano range and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum confirming the presence of gold. The average size of TP-GNPs is ~7 nm and monodispersed. Further, we apply anti-bacterial activity on both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and the results suggest that the TP-GNPs suspension exhibits anti-bacterial activity.

Incorporation of green chemistry principles to nanotechnology is one of the key concerns in nanos... more Incorporation of green chemistry principles to nanotechnology is one of the key concerns in nanoscience research. There is growing need to develop environmentally benign metal nanoparticle fabrication progression that does not use toxic chemicals in the synthetic conventions to avoid antagonistic effects in medical applications. In this process using rapid, convenient and environment-friendly method for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (Prosopis juliflora [PJ]-GNPs) by reducing aurum chloride with the aqueous extract of PJ leaves. To elevate the process parameters involved in the fabrication of PJ-GNPs by green method including extract concentration Au +3 ion concentration and time intervals. The antibacterial activity is carried out by disc diffusion method. The green synthesized PJ-GNPs are primarily confirmed by visual observations through color changing of the reaction mixture from light yellow to ruby red. The surface plasmon resonance of PJ-GNPs is obtained at 520 nm, and the effect of the phytochemicals present in PJ extract, including phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and quinones on formation of stable PJ-GNPs are investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the size of PJ-GNPs is confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology and shape of the PJ-GNPs are determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The antibacterial activity of PJ-GNPs is studied against pathogenic microbial strains.

Hybrid hydrogel networks synthesized by the simple free radical polymerization of acrylamide, acr... more Hybrid hydrogel networks synthesized by the simple free radical polymerization of acrylamide, acrylamidoglycolic acid and cloisite sodium clay. To synthesize these hybrid hydrogels N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide used as a cross linker and ammonium peroxydisulphate used as an initiator. The structural characterization of this poly(acrylamide-co-acrylamidoglycolic acid/cloisite hybrid hydrogels (PAAGC), were done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resulting hybrid networks was used as an adsorbent for studying the effectiveness in the removal of methylene blue (MB), which is having a wide range of use in different fields such as biology and chemistry. The effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, pH, and dose of adsorbent were studied to optimize the adsorption capacity. The batch sorption technique employed, revealed a maximum adsorption. Adsorption isotherms and Kinetic models were fitted to know the adsorption mechanism. This Hybrid hydrogels exhibited ex...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006

pH-Sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) microgels (MGs) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and acryli... more pH-Sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) microgels (MGs) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and acrylic acid have been prepared by using water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion technique. The MGs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (X-RD). The release of ibuprofen (IB), an anti-inflammatory drug, from these MGs was studied in pH 1.2 and 7.4 media. MG network consists of NaAlg, which disintegrates in the intestinal fluid, while poly(acrylic acid) provides pH-sensitivity to the microgel network. The system developed in this study showed a pH-sensitivity for the release of IB, which was attributed to the diffusion controlled release of the drug through the surfaces of MGs that undergo disintegration after swelling, depending upon the chemical composition of MGs and pH of the medium. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2006

Due to the widespread usage of carbohydrate polymers in a variety of areas, the present study is ... more Due to the widespread usage of carbohydrate polymers in a variety of areas, the present study is undertaken to develop novel graft copolymers of hydroxyethylcellulose and acrylamide (HEC-g-AAm). Grafting reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The graft copolymers were blended in different ratios with a natural polymer, sodium alginate (NaAlg). Using these polymers, membranes were prepared by solution casting and were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde for testing in pervaporation (PV) dehydration of acetic acid. Swelling experiments have been performed on the blend membranes at 30 °C to test their stability in water–acetic acid mixtures. The present membranes, being hydrophilic, were able to successfully recover 89% of water from acetic acid solutions when tested for feed mixtures ranging from 10% to 50% (w/w) of water. Membrane flux and selectivity to water was increased at increasing amount of HEC-g-AAm grafted copolymer in the mixed blend of NaAlg. The membranes of this study showed selectivity of 27.9 with a flux of 0.058 kg/m2 h to dehydrate 10% (w/w) water from aqueous acetic acid feed mixture through the blend membrane. Flux values increased with increasing concentration of water in the feed, while selectivity decreased considerably. To the best of our knowledge, this is indeed the first example of the use of this type of combination carbohydrate polymers for pervaporation dehydration of acetic acid, which is a well-known industrial solvent.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006

The blend miscibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in N,N′-dimethylformam... more The blend miscibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in N,N′-dimethylformamide solution was investigated by viscosity, density, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and UV and fluorescence spectra studies. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to confirm the blend miscibility in the solid state. Blends were compatible when the concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) was greater than 60 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2415–2421, 2006

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

Biomedical research involving layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanohybrid materials has received a ... more Biomedical research involving layered double hydroxide (LDH) nanohybrid materials has received a lot of attention. These LDH nanohybrid materials have distinct properties such as biocompatibility, variable chemical compositions, anion-exchange capacity, host-guest interactions, and crystallization-dissolution properties. Drug delivery is becoming increasingly important because it enables theranostics (therapeutics and diagnostics), a concept of next-generation medicine, to combine therapy and diagnosis. Based on the unique properties of LDH-based nanohybrid materials open up new avenues for simultaneous therapy and drug release applications in almost every field of medicine. The purpose of this chapter is to investigate recent advances in multifunctional LDH nanohybrid materials, ranging from fabrication to drug molecule release applications in various biomedical fields with therapeutic functions. Furthermore, these (LDH) nanohybrid materials have the potential to be used as both diagnostic agents and drug delivery carriers and there will be discussed in relation to advancements in bio-medical systems. Due to their exceptional physiochemical properties, two-dimensional LDHs nanohybrid materials are currently a fascinating topic of interest. LDHs have the potential to be useful in a variety of applications, such as energy, catalysis, and biomaterials; particularly in the bio-medical field as drug delivery systems. Despite the unique intrinsic properties of LDH nanohybrid materials, various functionalization strategies have been applied to LDHs, yielding even more exciting performance opportunities and providing guidelines for the design of novel functional nanomaterials.

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

Polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) were developed to increase half-life and bioavailability, m... more Polymeric drug delivery systems (DDS) were developed to increase half-life and bioavailability, making them ideal for biocompatible targeted drug delivery. Hence, instead of using traditional treatment methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation, polymeric therapeutics have been used to reduce adverse effects. To address this need, the present work develops the potential natural bionanocomopsite from reduced graphene oxide, carboxymethyl chitosan, and sodium alginate DDS by the facile gelation technique for the targeted delivery of two anti-cancer drugs (5-fluorouracil and doxorubicin). These bionanocomposites are characterized by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopic, further evaluated the drug loading and entrapment efficiency. The in vitro drug release characteristics of drugs were performed in pH 1.2 and 7.4 at 37°C. In vitro cytotoxicity experiments of bionanocomposites against MCF-7 (breast cancer cell line), results indicate that the highest rate of cancer cell death occurred compared to pure doxorubicin. This research not only provides rationale for enhancing a DDS tailored to MCF-7, but also suggests that DOX-rGO may be a potential therapeutic delivery vehicle.

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) have gained much attention in the last decade, mainly due to the... more Polyelectrolyte membranes (PEMs) have gained much attention in the last decade, mainly due to their potential industrial applications. This work aims to develop sulfonate functionalized sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)-based PEMs and evaluate their application in drug delivery, toxic metal ion removal, and fuel cells. In the first attempt of this work, graft copolymers are synthesized, that is, NaCMC-g-2-acrylamido-2-methyl-1-propanesulphonic acid (NaCMC-g-AMPS) and NaCMC-g-4-vinylbenzene sulfonate (NaCMC-g-SVBS). In the second attempt, prepared PEMs of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (NaCMC)-based graft-copolymers (that are NaCMC-g-AMPS and NaCMC-g-SVBS) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) along with their composites with phosphomolybdic acid (PMA). Graft copolymers as well as PEMs are characterized by the Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis. The fabricated PEMs were studied for their adeptness in drug delivery, heavy metal ion removal, and fuel cell applications. All the developed PEMs exhibited significant swelling at room temperature and a high ionic exchange capacity. PMA-doped PEMs were studied further in terms of methanol permeability, and proton conductivity. PMA undoped PEMs demonstrated controlled release characteristics for the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil and as a sorbent for the removal of Cu 2+ metal ions.

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science , 2023

Naturally abundant clay minerals and their new hybrid materials are a class of layer edalumosilic... more Naturally abundant clay minerals and their new hybrid materials are a class of layer edalumosilicates possessing large specific surface area, chemical and mechanical stability, high cation exchange capacity, and good biocompatibility have made the clays excellent adsorbent materials [1-3]. Over the past decades, the studies on the adsorption and binding of biomolecules, such as proteins and nucleic acids, by clay minerals play an active part in numerous fields of biomedical and nanotechnology, for example, for biosensors, biochips, and drug delivery materials [4-6]. Protein adsorption at solid-liquid interfaces can be studied through various analysis techniques [7]. Understanding the factors that dominate protein adsorption behaviors is very important for designing and synthesizing biomaterials. Thus far, many studies of protein adsorption onto various biomaterial surfaces have been carried out and adsorption mechanisms have been proposed from different aspects, such as topology structure, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, electrostatic interactions, and segment mobility of the surfaces [8-13].

Indian Journal of Advances in Chemical Science, 2023

In the recent years, there has been an emerging focus in the designing of various therapeutic dev... more In the recent years, there has been an emerging focus in the designing of various therapeutic devices for biomedical and biological applications. A variety of chemical compositions, structures, morphology, desired functional properties, thermodynamic properties, stimuli response, and chemical and physical interactions have shown significant interest in the use of natural, synthetic, and biohybrid polymeric hydrogels for drug delivery. In the last few decades, researchers have been mainly focused on organically modified poly(phosphazenes) (OPZs) to develop hybrid polymeric and organic-inorganic compounds. By understanding these points, here in the present investigation, we developed stimuli sensitive Hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCP) based semi-IPN hydrogels as potential devices for controlled delivery of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), a chemotherapeutic agent. At first, we synthesized a new vinyl monomer, that is, mono(ethacryloyl-2-ethoxy)-pentakis(N 1 ,N 1-dimethylpropane-1,3-diamino)-cyclotriphosphazene using HCP, 2-hydroxy ethylacrylate and propyl amine. Then the synthesized monomer was involved in the designing of semi-IPNs through free radical polymerization using poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a supporting polymer backbone. The synthesized monomer was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 1 H, and 13 C NMR. The structural, morphological, thermal properties, and polymer-drug interactions of the networks were investigated by FTIR, scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermo gravimetric analysis, and X-ray diffraction, respectively. From the SEM images, it was observed that the network is compact and dense. The pH and temperature responsiveness of semi-IPNs was investigated by performing the diffusion studies in physiological solutions ranging from pH = 1.0-10.0 and at temperatures 25 o C and 37 o C. The % swelling ratio is maximum for high polymer-monomer ratio, minimum cross-linker concentration, low pH, and at 25 o C. Different network parameters (, ,)    c e M and were investigated. The in vitro release of 5-FU was conducted in pH = 1.2 and pH = 7.4 at 25 o C and 37 o C, and noticed that the release was affected by both the pH and temperature and also controlled by the composition of HCP monomer. Different kinetic models were approached to drug release profiles and finally, it was observed that non-Fickian diffusion was involved in the release mechanism and the data were well fitted with Higuchi square root model.

In recent years, many research groups paying attention in removal of heavy metal ions from pollut... more In recent years, many research groups paying attention in removal of heavy metal ions from polluted areas and also controlled drug delivery applications with the hydrogels based on both biomaterials and synthetic grade. Contamination with these heavy metal ions has also increased public concerns because of their toxicity even at lower concentrations, besides non-biodegradability and tendency of bioaccumulation. The increasing demand for the recovery of these metals from industrial effluents has elevated the development and the testing of new sorbing materials. Cancer is a class of disease which is characterized by abnormal cell growth in an uncontrolled manner in all over the body. Surgical intervention, radiation, and chemotherapeutic drug are major current cancer treatments. The use of chemotherapeutic treatment is often restricted by solubility of drugs, adverse systemic toxicity, and the appearance of drug resistance. Owing to these difficulties, there is a great demand to innovative drug delivery systems for better controlled and site specific delivery of antitumor drugs and that can overcome solubility and resistance problems. This review covers the recent developments of hydrogels in separation science and drug delivery applications. Synthetic methodologies for the fabrication of hydrogels and their responsiveness (pH and thermoresponsive) were discussed. In addition to this, we are focused on an overview of potential polymeric hydrogels for metal ion removal and anticancer drug release, paying attention to their efficacy in metal removal, and controlled release of 5-fluorouracil.

Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have gained so much attention for drug and gene delivery since ... more Polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers have gained so much attention for drug and gene delivery since they have been introduced decades ago. The internal cavities and multivalent surface groups of PAMAM dendrimers have been widely used for small-molecule drugs/biomacromolecules encapsulation and conjugation. The involvement of PAMAM dendrimers in drug delivery systems (DDSs) has significantly improved drug pharmacokinetics and enhanced drug accumulation in pathological sites. The recent progress has been made on the design of stimuli-responsive PAMAM-based nano-sized vehicles that potentially deliver drugs in a spatially and/or temporally controlled fashion. Such smart dendrimer nanocarriers further the efficiency of targeted drug delivery, while decrease systemic exposure. In the review, we discuss recent advances in the design of PAMAM dendrimer-based DDSs that are able to release carried therapeutics only in response to a specific endogenous and exogenous stimuli.

The study highlights the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by fresh leaves of Tridax procu... more The study highlights the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) by fresh leaves of Tridax procumbens (TP), an herbal medicinal plant. The bio-reduction of auric chloride ion (Au +3) is quite rapid, readily to be performed at room temperature. This study describes a rapid and eco-friendly synthesis of TP-GNPs are be done using TP leaf extract in a single pot process and is observed when the medium turns into purple color with the addition of aqueous Au +3. The formation of TP-GNPs is verified by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. The possible functional groups of TP leaf extract and their changes after treating with aqueous auric chloride are evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The size of synthesized TP-GNPs is measured by dynamic light scattering analysis, and morphology is examined by transmission electron microscopy in nano range and energy dispersive X-ray spectrum confirming the presence of gold. The average size of TP-GNPs is ~7 nm and monodispersed. Further, we apply anti-bacterial activity on both Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, and the results suggest that the TP-GNPs suspension exhibits anti-bacterial activity.

Incorporation of green chemistry principles to nanotechnology is one of the key concerns in nanos... more Incorporation of green chemistry principles to nanotechnology is one of the key concerns in nanoscience research. There is growing need to develop environmentally benign metal nanoparticle fabrication progression that does not use toxic chemicals in the synthetic conventions to avoid antagonistic effects in medical applications. In this process using rapid, convenient and environment-friendly method for the fabrication of gold nanoparticles (Prosopis juliflora [PJ]-GNPs) by reducing aurum chloride with the aqueous extract of PJ leaves. To elevate the process parameters involved in the fabrication of PJ-GNPs by green method including extract concentration Au +3 ion concentration and time intervals. The antibacterial activity is carried out by disc diffusion method. The green synthesized PJ-GNPs are primarily confirmed by visual observations through color changing of the reaction mixture from light yellow to ruby red. The surface plasmon resonance of PJ-GNPs is obtained at 520 nm, and the effect of the phytochemicals present in PJ extract, including phenolic compounds, phytosterols, and quinones on formation of stable PJ-GNPs are investigated by ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; the size of PJ-GNPs is confirmed by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. The morphology and shape of the PJ-GNPs are determined by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The antibacterial activity of PJ-GNPs is studied against pathogenic microbial strains.

Hybrid hydrogel networks synthesized by the simple free radical polymerization of acrylamide, acr... more Hybrid hydrogel networks synthesized by the simple free radical polymerization of acrylamide, acrylamidoglycolic acid and cloisite sodium clay. To synthesize these hybrid hydrogels N,N’-methylenebisacrylamide used as a cross linker and ammonium peroxydisulphate used as an initiator. The structural characterization of this poly(acrylamide-co-acrylamidoglycolic acid/cloisite hybrid hydrogels (PAAGC), were done using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The resulting hybrid networks was used as an adsorbent for studying the effectiveness in the removal of methylene blue (MB), which is having a wide range of use in different fields such as biology and chemistry. The effects of contact time, initial sorbate concentration, pH, and dose of adsorbent were studied to optimize the adsorption capacity. The batch sorption technique employed, revealed a maximum adsorption. Adsorption isotherms and Kinetic models were fitted to know the adsorption mechanism. This Hybrid hydrogels exhibited ex...

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006

pH-Sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) microgels (MGs) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and acryli... more pH-Sensitive interpenetrating network (IPN) microgels (MGs) of sodium alginate (NaAlg) and acrylic acid have been prepared by using water-in-oil (W/O) emulsion technique. The MGs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray diffractometer (X-RD). The release of ibuprofen (IB), an anti-inflammatory drug, from these MGs was studied in pH 1.2 and 7.4 media. MG network consists of NaAlg, which disintegrates in the intestinal fluid, while poly(acrylic acid) provides pH-sensitivity to the microgel network. The system developed in this study showed a pH-sensitivity for the release of IB, which was attributed to the diffusion controlled release of the drug through the surfaces of MGs that undergo disintegration after swelling, depending upon the chemical composition of MGs and pH of the medium. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006

Carbohydrate Polymers, 2006

Due to the widespread usage of carbohydrate polymers in a variety of areas, the present study is ... more Due to the widespread usage of carbohydrate polymers in a variety of areas, the present study is undertaken to develop novel graft copolymers of hydroxyethylcellulose and acrylamide (HEC-g-AAm). Grafting reaction was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The graft copolymers were blended in different ratios with a natural polymer, sodium alginate (NaAlg). Using these polymers, membranes were prepared by solution casting and were crosslinked with glutaraldehyde for testing in pervaporation (PV) dehydration of acetic acid. Swelling experiments have been performed on the blend membranes at 30 °C to test their stability in water–acetic acid mixtures. The present membranes, being hydrophilic, were able to successfully recover 89% of water from acetic acid solutions when tested for feed mixtures ranging from 10% to 50% (w/w) of water. Membrane flux and selectivity to water was increased at increasing amount of HEC-g-AAm grafted copolymer in the mixed blend of NaAlg. The membranes of this study showed selectivity of 27.9 with a flux of 0.058 kg/m2 h to dehydrate 10% (w/w) water from aqueous acetic acid feed mixture through the blend membrane. Flux values increased with increasing concentration of water in the feed, while selectivity decreased considerably. To the best of our knowledge, this is indeed the first example of the use of this type of combination carbohydrate polymers for pervaporation dehydration of acetic acid, which is a well-known industrial solvent.

Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 2006

The blend miscibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in N,N′-dimethylformam... more The blend miscibility of poly(vinyl alcohol) and poly(methyl methacrylate) in N,N′-dimethylformamide solution was investigated by viscosity, density, ultrasonic velocity, refractive index, and UV and fluorescence spectra studies. Differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy were used to confirm the blend miscibility in the solid state. Blends were compatible when the concentration of poly(vinyl alcohol) was greater than 60 wt %. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2415–2421, 2006