karwan S . waisy | University of Zakho (original) (raw)

Papers by karwan S . waisy

Nawroz University Academic Journal

Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the United States of America A study of the American administration's ... more Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the United States of America
A study of the American administration's attitude to the case of Mullah
Mustafa Barzani's illness t976-t979
This study shed lights on the American administration's attitude to the lllness of Mullah Mustafa Barzani
between 1976 and 1979. Owing to the beginning of Mullah Mustafa Barzani's illness, many events crucial developments relating to the case of Mullah Mustafa Barzani's illness in the Middle East
appeared in the reports, first-hands and USA intelligence documents. These evident and endeavored to ketch up the regional states, particularly lran and lraq policies regarding to Mullah Mustafa Barzani and his aims of travelling to the USA for the public opinion. From that it appeared USA officers and diplomats who worked as diplomats and agency in the Middle East played an important in the evaluating of Mullah Mustafa Barzani's illness and personality for the USA officers.

Middle Eastern Studies, 2007

... Titre du document / Document title. Abd al-Karim Qasim and the kurds of Iraq : Centralization... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Abd al-Karim Qasim and the kurds of Iraq : Centralization, resistance and revolt, 1958-63. Auteur(s) / Author(s). RUBIN Avshalom H. ; Revue / Journal Title. Middle Eastern studies ISSN 0026-3206 Source / Source. 2007, vol. 43, n o 3, pp. ...

ZANCO Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2020

This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of... more This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of the Ottoman Kurdistan history. As, during this period some key political, military and transtions have taken place, they became a main stream of occurring some influential events in the area as a result the situation of the area turned out to be more sinsetive and unstable. Hence, these transtions encouraged the European explores who had already attempted searching in the area with the aim of protecting. Consequently, this period has beign choosen in order to depict that development explored by European travellers accurately. This research is used some relevant useful references. This study is beign divided into an introduction, overviewm four sections and an inclusion. In its introduction, the study attempts to shed light on the importance, objectives, problem statement, method and references of it. Afterwards, its overview shows the ignorance travellers and re-conducting of explors between 1821 and 1831; furthermore, in its endeavours, this research in its first section clears up the golden age of European explors from 1832 to 1834, the second section of this study relevantly depicts the military and missionaries exploring, this section examines re-taking of the Ottoman Kurdistan from 1834 to 1835 carefully and deeply.Moreover, in its fourth sections, this study demonstrates the initiative attacks on Kurds in 1834 and the limities of Diyarbakir's mirs powers. Its conclusion shows these outcomes that its author has discovered.

For the past four decades, internal disputes that sometimes led to armed conflicts have left its ... more For the past four decades, internal disputes that sometimes led to armed conflicts have left its fingerprints on the internal political development of the Iraqi Kurdish movement. In all rounds and until nowadays, two political segment groups dominated the conflicts; a group led by Masoud Barzani and the other led by Jalal Talabani. This article is explained the background of the PUK-KDP conflict and the events that led to the start of its latest round of civil fighting some years ago, and the events that followed from it until the beginning of the Washington agreement negotiations that started by the visit of David Welch to the Kurdish region and his US government invitation of the two Kurdish leaders to lead delegations of their parties for peace talks in Washington. In this article, the researcher will attempt and lay down the framework and history of the conflict, the peace process, the regional and international mediation attempts and the events that led to the Washington Agreem...

The Iraqi Kurds had long thought efforts lobbying for the United States support for their issue i... more The Iraqi Kurds had long thought efforts lobbying for the United States support for their issue in the new republic of Iraq. But the US had always turned down their efforts because of its interests with its regional allies. Hence this article examines these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the United Stated in its decision making processes regarding the Kurdish issue. This study is focus on the United States interests‟ policy regarding the Kurdish issue in Iraq in the context of the US‟s seventeen year-long Cold War rivalry with the USSR for influence in Iraq. This article outlines the history and genesis of the United States policy towards the Kurdish issue in Iraq. This study presented a noteworthy amount of positively not published details about these parties. It delivers a short history about how the United States policy interests shaped and increased in the Middle East and then in the Iraqi Kurdish issue as well. It shows how successive Unite...

Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research, 2014

This article is endeavouring to answer the inquiry of the quality of Kurdish leader discernment i... more This article is endeavouring to answer the inquiry of the quality of Kurdish leader discernment in predicting, interpreting, likewise replying to U.S Cold War foreign policy during the Kurdish liberation nationalist movement under leadership of Mullah Mustafa Barzani in 1960s until the collapse of the Kurdish movement in 1975. The main objective of this article is forming the geopolitical and personal reason for Kurdish misinterpretation of U.S foreign policy toward them from 1960-1975. Specifically, the decision-making of long time Kurdish nationalist liberation movement leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani will be examine to reveal both personal and wider socio-political interpretations of U.S foreign policy that led Barzani to make up his mind that compromised the livelihoods of the Kurds of Iraq.

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2017

In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership h... more In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership has consolidated its hold and formed a relatively stable government in a state long noted for its disunity, instability and huge level of political violence. The position of the Baathist leadership has been enhanced by recent successes the dramatic hike in Petroleum prices in 1973, the defeat of Kurds and the accord with Iran in March 1975. These advantages have enabled the Second Baathist government to initiate new approaches to its domestic and foreign policies not possible in the early years of its rule. This article focus on these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the Second Baathist leadership in its decision making processes. Since the absence of any comprehensive Agency evaluation of Iraq in present years, a discussion of the second Baathist consolidation of power and the emergence of political, economic and social policies aimed at presenting int...

Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 2015

This article shows an area of key interest in modern-day of the Kurdish military, ora well-known ... more This article shows an area of key interest in modern-day of the Kurdish military, ora well-known Peshmarga force “those who face death” history. The Peshmarga have become anessential of Kurdish sociopolitical culture in the last 100 years. The Peshmarga formally structured by Mustafa Barzani in 1943, they have come to represent the Kurdish nationalist movement in the Middle East, especially in Iraq. Inappropriately, there have been few detailed works at length on the Peshmarga and their link to the Kurdish struggle. Through this paper this link is shown in conjunction with the development of Kurdish military forces. This research paper focuses on the roots of the Peshmarga from 1891 to 1975.This article outlines the historical roots and genesis of the Kurdish Peshmarga forces and their role in the Kurdish issue in the Middle East especially in Iraq. This study presented a noteworthy amount of positively not published details about these parties. It delivers a short history about...

Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research, 2015

This article deals with the Kurds of Iraq and their question during the Second World War. This pr... more This article deals with the Kurds of Iraq and their question during the Second World War. This present study focuses mainly on the Barzani revolt in Iraqi Kurdistan, there are several reasons for choosing this period of the Kurdish issue in Iraq and the revolts in the Barzan areas in particular. There was a close interaction between events in Barzan and other parts of Iraqi Kurdistan during the period under this study. The Barzani Kurds of Iraq and their leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani in particular played a distinct role in political developments in Iraqi Kurdistan, after Mullah Mustafa’s expulsion from the south of Iraq in 1943. The Barzanis political activities, under the leadership of Mullah Mustafa Barzani were the pivotal point of socio-political improvements in the Kurdistan of Iraq during the war year. The main objective of this article is examining the British and the Iraqi government policy toward the Barzani revolt from 1943 to1945. This article outlines the history and gen...

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2019

This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper ... more This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper between June, 1961 and December, 1970 during the cold war. During the period under this study, many events, political and military advancements, which were related to the Kurdish issue in the Middle East, have been reported in New York Times. This newspaper endeavored to explore the Kurdish issue and the politics of the regional player specifically that of Iran, Turkey and Iraq towards the Kurds, what is more, the objective of Kurdish leaders of declaring uprisings and revolts against the regional powers to the world in general and the United States of America in particular. This study consists of a theoretical background, two sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this article sheds light on the reflection of the September Revolution in Iraqi Kurdistan in the reports of the New York Times Newspaper and how it has introduced the Kurdish issue in the Cold war warmness from 1961 ...

International Journal of Sciences Basic and Applied Research, Apr 1, 2015

In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of ... more In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of Iraq. Their leaders recognized the Kurds as the partners with the Sunni and Shiites in new republic of Iraq. They promised Kurds to give them their political and national rights within Iraq. Conversely, these anticipation lived-short; sooner differences emerge between the Iraqi administrations and the Kurdish leaders. The Kurdish leaders saw no whish, however to seek struggle with the purpose of getting their national rights. In 1961, the first major breakout of war between the central government and the Kurds occurred. This fighting was keeping on with some interruptions until 1975. This paper will explore how the Iraqi governments managed with the Kurdish leaders. It examines the three successive Iraqi governments' policies toward the Kurdish issue, which are logically and functionally related to Iraqi national policy, constitutional framework, level of regional autonomy and the Kurdish relations with Iraqi governments. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is paid to link between successive Iraqi government policies as well as reaction to the Kurdish issue. This study is a historical research based on qualitative analyze of perspective from various actors .This study is used Kurdish and non-Kurdish sources.

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Current Archives Announcements About Open Access Polic, 2019

This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper ... more This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper between June, 1961 and December, 1970 during the cold war. During the period under this study, many events, political and military advancements, which were related to the Kurdish issue in the Middle East, have been reported in New York Times. This newspaper endeavored to explore the Kurdish issue and the politics of the regional player specifically that of Iran, Turkey and Iraq towards the Kurds, what is more, the objective of Kurdish leaders of declaring uprisings and revolts against the regional powers to the world in general and the United States of America in particular. This study consists of a theoretical background, two sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this article sheds light on the reflection of the September Revolution in Iraqi Kurdistan in the reports of the New York Times Newspaper and how it has introduced the Kurdish issue in the Cold war warmness from 1961 to 1962. In addition, it shows the significance, objectives and method of it.

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Current Archives Announcements About Open Access Po, 2020

National sentiment grew in Europe in general and in Germany in particular in the second half of t... more National sentiment grew in Europe in general and in Germany in particular in the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the growth of this feeling, in turn, led to the emergence and growth of a more lively, deeper, and influential sentiment, which is the passion of solidarity between members of the same nation. But what raises the sensitivity of the excessive growth of the sentiment of solidarity is the issue of its accompanying the growth of the feeling of national dignity and national honor, and the sense of the national destiny of race, gender, sect, and other names listed so great that it has reached the point of denying all the rights of the other - of course - whether within the borders of the country or hostility to a geographically defined state on this narrow basis of closed racism with its component. And at the same time, the desire to impose the primacy and eligibility of national characteristics grew from the simplest forms of difference between nationalities, including shape and gender, for example, to the most complex and deepest aspects of other differences, some of which relate to traits outside of control. The issue of emphasizing the importance of national feeling and imposing it in full view of other foreign elements present in the same country, which caused the emergence of a crisis that accepts the other or the different nationalities. The meaning of the concept of nationalism has disappeared with time and has not been defined or reappeared until our days. This is only due to the different mentalities that view the concept of nationalism. Therefore, the complexity, ambiguity, and ambiguity are still under the pens of thinkers and those interested in studying the nation and national sentiment.

The Journal of Duhok University, 2021

This period has been chosen for this study is one of the most sensitive and awkward stages of Kur... more This period has been chosen for this study is one of the most sensitive and awkward stages of Kurdistan history, on the ground of that during this era the eastern question was moved on the terrible direction and Kurdistan was under this challenge, because in the one side some Kurdish emirate attempted to revolt to get independence, on the other side, the grate powers were in challenging to get their economic and political position. In this challenging and competing Kurdistan played a great role in the Eastern question, because of this question some key events of Kurdistan’s history were recorded by European travelers and Kurdish also foreign historian inaccurately. As a result, Kurdistan history became ambiguity. Hence, this research is being allocated for this period with the aim of correcting these mistakes and show these neglected authentic events.
This research is being divided into an introduction, background, four sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this study sheds light on the importance of study, objective, references and methodology, which are being used. The background of study concentrates on how Kurdistan moved on into the Eastern question. Furthermore, it spells out the importance of Kurdistan to great powers upon how and for what purpose the superpowers looked at Kurdish areas. Additionally, on the fate of Kurdish emirates in this competition, the first section of this study explores the inauthentic events of the fate of Soran principality and makes authentication. Second section of this research sheds light on the situation of Baban emirate as well as its destiny. In its third section this study illustrates the effectiveness of moving the Eastern question into Kurdish areas, particularly Botan emirate and the Russian moving into it, as it was a key factor also effective instrument of the great power attitude to the region as well as making correction of this emirate in this challenge. The fourth section of this research examines the influence of the Eastern question on other Kurdish emirates from 1842 to 1867 and it attempts to make authentication of these mistakes has been written. Its conclusion spells out these results, which its author has discovered.

Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2020

This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of... more This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of the Ottoman Kurdistan history. As, during this period some key political, military and transtions have taken place, they became a main stream of occurring some influential events in the area as a result the situation of the area turned out to be more sinsetive and unstable. Hence, these transtions encouraged the European explores who had already attempted searching in the area with the aim of protecting. Consequently, this period has beign choosen in order to depict that development explored by European travellers accurately. This research is used some relevant useful references. This study is beign divided into an introduction, overviewm four sections and an inclusion. In its introduction, the study attempts to shed light on the importance, objectives, problem statement, method and references of it. Afterwards, its overview shows the ignorance travellers and re-conducting of explors between 1821 and 1831; furthermore, in its endeavours, this research in its first section clears up the golden age of European explors from 1832 to 1834, the second section of this study relevantly depicts the military and missionaries exploring, this section examines re-taking of the Ottoman Kurdistan from 1834 to 1835 carefully and deeply.Moreover, in its fourth sections, this study demonstrates the initiative attacks on Kurds in 1834 and the limities of Diyarbakir's mirs powers . Its conclusion shows these outcomes that its author has discovered.

This article depicts the United States of America Foreign Policy in the Middle East through Bill ... more This article depicts the United States of America Foreign Policy in the Middle East through Bill Clinton presidential
period between 1993 and 2000. This article has used some documents, reports, articles and secondary sources that
are used for the first time for such a study. The Clinton administration foreign policy towards the Middle East is
elaborated the United States of America’s position as a sole superpower of the world. The Clinton administration
determined by democratizing, equality and peace attempted to open the Middle East. The unipolar world allowed the
United States to visibly change its foreign policy with the aim of managing with the Middle East political state of
affairs. The lack of having power against the shadow of superpower foreign policy in the region to corporate actions
with the only capable power gave the United States of America to have abilities to open its armed forces centers in
the Persian Gulf to shore up and contribute democratization, practice Dual Containment policy on Iraq and Iran, and
develop the peace process of Arabs and Israelis. The United States increased its involvement in the Middle East to
protect the region, generate stability, so acquired its position power in the unipolar world by distributing
democratization, opening free markets and advocating peace process. The unipolar world has given increasing
changes to the United States of America foreign policy strategy and allowed increasing its armed forces involvement
to obtain its foreign policy initiatives.

In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership h... more In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership has consolidated its hold and formed a relatively stable government in a state long noted for its disunity, instability and huge level of political violence. The position of the Baathist leadership has been enhanced by recent successes the dramatic hike in Petroleum prices in 1973, the defeat of Kurds and the accord with Iran in March 1975. These advantages have enabled the Second Baathist government to initiate new approaches to its domestic and foreign policies not possible in the early years of its rule. This article focus on these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the Second Baathist leadership in its decision making processes. Since the absence of any comprehensive Agency evaluation of Iraq in present years, a discussion of the second Baathist consolidation of power and the emergence of political, economic and social policies aimed at presenting internal unity and stability is showed along with an analysis of the sources of possible political warfare. This study concludes with an examination of present Iraqi foreign policy objective also their implication for the United States interests in the region. This article outlines the history and genesis of the second Baathist government in Iraq. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is given to link between the second Iraqi Baathist government and its reaction to the political transformation in Iraq. The Baathist government and the National front. The Baathist government regional and international relations. This study is a historical research based on qualitative study .This study is extensively used original texts of the United States Foreign Relations (FUR) documents.

In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of ... more In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of Iraq. Their leaders recognized the Kurds as the partners with the Sunni and Shiites in new republic of Iraq. They promised Kurds to give them their political and national rights within Iraq. Conversely, these anticipation lived-short; sooner differences emerge between the Iraqi administrations and the Kurdish leaders. The Kurdish leaders saw no whish, however to seek struggle with the purpose of getting their national rights. In 1961, the first major breakout of war between the central government and the Kurds occurred. This fighting was keeping on with some interruptions until 1975. This paper will explore how the Iraqi governments managed with the Kurdish leaders. It examines the three successive Iraqi governments’ policies toward the Kurdish issue, which are logically and functionally related to Iraqi national policy, constitutional framework, level of regional autonomy and the Kurdish relations with Iraqi governments. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is paid to link between successive Iraqi government policies as well as reaction to the Kurdish issue. This study is a historical research based on qualitative analyze of perspective from various actors .This study is used Kurdish and non-Kurdish sources.

Iraq is very different state nowadays from what it was when military coup d'états upheaval overtu... more Iraq is very different state nowadays from what it was when military coup d'états upheaval overturned the pro-Western kingdom and arrangements a radical Arab nationalist governments. Notwithstanding, the strong-Arab cast to the ideology of the inexperienced nationalist officers who dominated Iraq, domestic issue proved so dangerous and so persistent that successive governments were forced to turn inward. This article outlines the history and genesis of Iraq's role in the Middle Eastern problems. This study is presented a noteworthy amount of positively not promulgated details about these parties. Particular attention is given to relation between Iraq also other Middle Eastern countries, and their relations with each other. Iraq's oil and the Kurdish issue.

Nawroz University Academic Journal

Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the United States of America A study of the American administration's ... more Mullah Mustafa Barzani and the United States of America
A study of the American administration's attitude to the case of Mullah
Mustafa Barzani's illness t976-t979
This study shed lights on the American administration's attitude to the lllness of Mullah Mustafa Barzani
between 1976 and 1979. Owing to the beginning of Mullah Mustafa Barzani's illness, many events crucial developments relating to the case of Mullah Mustafa Barzani's illness in the Middle East
appeared in the reports, first-hands and USA intelligence documents. These evident and endeavored to ketch up the regional states, particularly lran and lraq policies regarding to Mullah Mustafa Barzani and his aims of travelling to the USA for the public opinion. From that it appeared USA officers and diplomats who worked as diplomats and agency in the Middle East played an important in the evaluating of Mullah Mustafa Barzani's illness and personality for the USA officers.

Middle Eastern Studies, 2007

... Titre du document / Document title. Abd al-Karim Qasim and the kurds of Iraq : Centralization... more ... Titre du document / Document title. Abd al-Karim Qasim and the kurds of Iraq : Centralization, resistance and revolt, 1958-63. Auteur(s) / Author(s). RUBIN Avshalom H. ; Revue / Journal Title. Middle Eastern studies ISSN 0026-3206 Source / Source. 2007, vol. 43, n o 3, pp. ...

ZANCO Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2020

This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of... more This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of the Ottoman Kurdistan history. As, during this period some key political, military and transtions have taken place, they became a main stream of occurring some influential events in the area as a result the situation of the area turned out to be more sinsetive and unstable. Hence, these transtions encouraged the European explores who had already attempted searching in the area with the aim of protecting. Consequently, this period has beign choosen in order to depict that development explored by European travellers accurately. This research is used some relevant useful references. This study is beign divided into an introduction, overviewm four sections and an inclusion. In its introduction, the study attempts to shed light on the importance, objectives, problem statement, method and references of it. Afterwards, its overview shows the ignorance travellers and re-conducting of explors between 1821 and 1831; furthermore, in its endeavours, this research in its first section clears up the golden age of European explors from 1832 to 1834, the second section of this study relevantly depicts the military and missionaries exploring, this section examines re-taking of the Ottoman Kurdistan from 1834 to 1835 carefully and deeply.Moreover, in its fourth sections, this study demonstrates the initiative attacks on Kurds in 1834 and the limities of Diyarbakir's mirs powers. Its conclusion shows these outcomes that its author has discovered.

For the past four decades, internal disputes that sometimes led to armed conflicts have left its ... more For the past four decades, internal disputes that sometimes led to armed conflicts have left its fingerprints on the internal political development of the Iraqi Kurdish movement. In all rounds and until nowadays, two political segment groups dominated the conflicts; a group led by Masoud Barzani and the other led by Jalal Talabani. This article is explained the background of the PUK-KDP conflict and the events that led to the start of its latest round of civil fighting some years ago, and the events that followed from it until the beginning of the Washington agreement negotiations that started by the visit of David Welch to the Kurdish region and his US government invitation of the two Kurdish leaders to lead delegations of their parties for peace talks in Washington. In this article, the researcher will attempt and lay down the framework and history of the conflict, the peace process, the regional and international mediation attempts and the events that led to the Washington Agreem...

The Iraqi Kurds had long thought efforts lobbying for the United States support for their issue i... more The Iraqi Kurds had long thought efforts lobbying for the United States support for their issue in the new republic of Iraq. But the US had always turned down their efforts because of its interests with its regional allies. Hence this article examines these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the United Stated in its decision making processes regarding the Kurdish issue. This study is focus on the United States interests‟ policy regarding the Kurdish issue in Iraq in the context of the US‟s seventeen year-long Cold War rivalry with the USSR for influence in Iraq. This article outlines the history and genesis of the United States policy towards the Kurdish issue in Iraq. This study presented a noteworthy amount of positively not published details about these parties. It delivers a short history about how the United States policy interests shaped and increased in the Middle East and then in the Iraqi Kurdish issue as well. It shows how successive Unite...

Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research, 2014

This article is endeavouring to answer the inquiry of the quality of Kurdish leader discernment i... more This article is endeavouring to answer the inquiry of the quality of Kurdish leader discernment in predicting, interpreting, likewise replying to U.S Cold War foreign policy during the Kurdish liberation nationalist movement under leadership of Mullah Mustafa Barzani in 1960s until the collapse of the Kurdish movement in 1975. The main objective of this article is forming the geopolitical and personal reason for Kurdish misinterpretation of U.S foreign policy toward them from 1960-1975. Specifically, the decision-making of long time Kurdish nationalist liberation movement leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani will be examine to reveal both personal and wider socio-political interpretations of U.S foreign policy that led Barzani to make up his mind that compromised the livelihoods of the Kurds of Iraq.

International Journal of Sciences: Basic and Applied Research, 2017

In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership h... more In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership has consolidated its hold and formed a relatively stable government in a state long noted for its disunity, instability and huge level of political violence. The position of the Baathist leadership has been enhanced by recent successes the dramatic hike in Petroleum prices in 1973, the defeat of Kurds and the accord with Iran in March 1975. These advantages have enabled the Second Baathist government to initiate new approaches to its domestic and foreign policies not possible in the early years of its rule. This article focus on these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the Second Baathist leadership in its decision making processes. Since the absence of any comprehensive Agency evaluation of Iraq in present years, a discussion of the second Baathist consolidation of power and the emergence of political, economic and social policies aimed at presenting int...

Global Journal of Human-Social Science Research, 2015

This article shows an area of key interest in modern-day of the Kurdish military, ora well-known ... more This article shows an area of key interest in modern-day of the Kurdish military, ora well-known Peshmarga force “those who face death” history. The Peshmarga have become anessential of Kurdish sociopolitical culture in the last 100 years. The Peshmarga formally structured by Mustafa Barzani in 1943, they have come to represent the Kurdish nationalist movement in the Middle East, especially in Iraq. Inappropriately, there have been few detailed works at length on the Peshmarga and their link to the Kurdish struggle. Through this paper this link is shown in conjunction with the development of Kurdish military forces. This research paper focuses on the roots of the Peshmarga from 1891 to 1975.This article outlines the historical roots and genesis of the Kurdish Peshmarga forces and their role in the Kurdish issue in the Middle East especially in Iraq. This study presented a noteworthy amount of positively not published details about these parties. It delivers a short history about...

Journal of Islamic and Human Advanced Research, 2015

This article deals with the Kurds of Iraq and their question during the Second World War. This pr... more This article deals with the Kurds of Iraq and their question during the Second World War. This present study focuses mainly on the Barzani revolt in Iraqi Kurdistan, there are several reasons for choosing this period of the Kurdish issue in Iraq and the revolts in the Barzan areas in particular. There was a close interaction between events in Barzan and other parts of Iraqi Kurdistan during the period under this study. The Barzani Kurds of Iraq and their leader Mullah Mustafa Barzani in particular played a distinct role in political developments in Iraqi Kurdistan, after Mullah Mustafa’s expulsion from the south of Iraq in 1943. The Barzanis political activities, under the leadership of Mullah Mustafa Barzani were the pivotal point of socio-political improvements in the Kurdistan of Iraq during the war year. The main objective of this article is examining the British and the Iraqi government policy toward the Barzani revolt from 1943 to1945. This article outlines the history and gen...

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 2019

This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper ... more This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper between June, 1961 and December, 1970 during the cold war. During the period under this study, many events, political and military advancements, which were related to the Kurdish issue in the Middle East, have been reported in New York Times. This newspaper endeavored to explore the Kurdish issue and the politics of the regional player specifically that of Iran, Turkey and Iraq towards the Kurds, what is more, the objective of Kurdish leaders of declaring uprisings and revolts against the regional powers to the world in general and the United States of America in particular. This study consists of a theoretical background, two sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this article sheds light on the reflection of the September Revolution in Iraqi Kurdistan in the reports of the New York Times Newspaper and how it has introduced the Kurdish issue in the Cold war warmness from 1961 ...

International Journal of Sciences Basic and Applied Research, Apr 1, 2015

In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of ... more In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of Iraq. Their leaders recognized the Kurds as the partners with the Sunni and Shiites in new republic of Iraq. They promised Kurds to give them their political and national rights within Iraq. Conversely, these anticipation lived-short; sooner differences emerge between the Iraqi administrations and the Kurdish leaders. The Kurdish leaders saw no whish, however to seek struggle with the purpose of getting their national rights. In 1961, the first major breakout of war between the central government and the Kurds occurred. This fighting was keeping on with some interruptions until 1975. This paper will explore how the Iraqi governments managed with the Kurdish leaders. It examines the three successive Iraqi governments' policies toward the Kurdish issue, which are logically and functionally related to Iraqi national policy, constitutional framework, level of regional autonomy and the Kurdish relations with Iraqi governments. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is paid to link between successive Iraqi government policies as well as reaction to the Kurdish issue. This study is a historical research based on qualitative analyze of perspective from various actors .This study is used Kurdish and non-Kurdish sources.

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Current Archives Announcements About Open Access Polic, 2019

This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper ... more This article examines the reflection of the September Revolution in the New York Times Newspaper between June, 1961 and December, 1970 during the cold war. During the period under this study, many events, political and military advancements, which were related to the Kurdish issue in the Middle East, have been reported in New York Times. This newspaper endeavored to explore the Kurdish issue and the politics of the regional player specifically that of Iran, Turkey and Iraq towards the Kurds, what is more, the objective of Kurdish leaders of declaring uprisings and revolts against the regional powers to the world in general and the United States of America in particular. This study consists of a theoretical background, two sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this article sheds light on the reflection of the September Revolution in Iraqi Kurdistan in the reports of the New York Times Newspaper and how it has introduced the Kurdish issue in the Cold war warmness from 1961 to 1962. In addition, it shows the significance, objectives and method of it.

Koya University Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Current Archives Announcements About Open Access Po, 2020

National sentiment grew in Europe in general and in Germany in particular in the second half of t... more National sentiment grew in Europe in general and in Germany in particular in the second half of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, and the growth of this feeling, in turn, led to the emergence and growth of a more lively, deeper, and influential sentiment, which is the passion of solidarity between members of the same nation. But what raises the sensitivity of the excessive growth of the sentiment of solidarity is the issue of its accompanying the growth of the feeling of national dignity and national honor, and the sense of the national destiny of race, gender, sect, and other names listed so great that it has reached the point of denying all the rights of the other - of course - whether within the borders of the country or hostility to a geographically defined state on this narrow basis of closed racism with its component. And at the same time, the desire to impose the primacy and eligibility of national characteristics grew from the simplest forms of difference between nationalities, including shape and gender, for example, to the most complex and deepest aspects of other differences, some of which relate to traits outside of control. The issue of emphasizing the importance of national feeling and imposing it in full view of other foreign elements present in the same country, which caused the emergence of a crisis that accepts the other or the different nationalities. The meaning of the concept of nationalism has disappeared with time and has not been defined or reappeared until our days. This is only due to the different mentalities that view the concept of nationalism. Therefore, the complexity, ambiguity, and ambiguity are still under the pens of thinkers and those interested in studying the nation and national sentiment.

The Journal of Duhok University, 2021

This period has been chosen for this study is one of the most sensitive and awkward stages of Kur... more This period has been chosen for this study is one of the most sensitive and awkward stages of Kurdistan history, on the ground of that during this era the eastern question was moved on the terrible direction and Kurdistan was under this challenge, because in the one side some Kurdish emirate attempted to revolt to get independence, on the other side, the grate powers were in challenging to get their economic and political position. In this challenging and competing Kurdistan played a great role in the Eastern question, because of this question some key events of Kurdistan’s history were recorded by European travelers and Kurdish also foreign historian inaccurately. As a result, Kurdistan history became ambiguity. Hence, this research is being allocated for this period with the aim of correcting these mistakes and show these neglected authentic events.
This research is being divided into an introduction, background, four sections and a conclusion. In its introduction, this study sheds light on the importance of study, objective, references and methodology, which are being used. The background of study concentrates on how Kurdistan moved on into the Eastern question. Furthermore, it spells out the importance of Kurdistan to great powers upon how and for what purpose the superpowers looked at Kurdish areas. Additionally, on the fate of Kurdish emirates in this competition, the first section of this study explores the inauthentic events of the fate of Soran principality and makes authentication. Second section of this research sheds light on the situation of Baban emirate as well as its destiny. In its third section this study illustrates the effectiveness of moving the Eastern question into Kurdish areas, particularly Botan emirate and the Russian moving into it, as it was a key factor also effective instrument of the great power attitude to the region as well as making correction of this emirate in this challenge. The fourth section of this research examines the influence of the Eastern question on other Kurdish emirates from 1842 to 1867 and it attempts to make authentication of these mistakes has been written. Its conclusion spells out these results, which its author has discovered.

Zanco Journal of Humanity Sciences, 2020

This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of... more This period under this study is beign written, is one the most significant and sensitive stage of the Ottoman Kurdistan history. As, during this period some key political, military and transtions have taken place, they became a main stream of occurring some influential events in the area as a result the situation of the area turned out to be more sinsetive and unstable. Hence, these transtions encouraged the European explores who had already attempted searching in the area with the aim of protecting. Consequently, this period has beign choosen in order to depict that development explored by European travellers accurately. This research is used some relevant useful references. This study is beign divided into an introduction, overviewm four sections and an inclusion. In its introduction, the study attempts to shed light on the importance, objectives, problem statement, method and references of it. Afterwards, its overview shows the ignorance travellers and re-conducting of explors between 1821 and 1831; furthermore, in its endeavours, this research in its first section clears up the golden age of European explors from 1832 to 1834, the second section of this study relevantly depicts the military and missionaries exploring, this section examines re-taking of the Ottoman Kurdistan from 1834 to 1835 carefully and deeply.Moreover, in its fourth sections, this study demonstrates the initiative attacks on Kurds in 1834 and the limities of Diyarbakir's mirs powers . Its conclusion shows these outcomes that its author has discovered.

This article depicts the United States of America Foreign Policy in the Middle East through Bill ... more This article depicts the United States of America Foreign Policy in the Middle East through Bill Clinton presidential
period between 1993 and 2000. This article has used some documents, reports, articles and secondary sources that
are used for the first time for such a study. The Clinton administration foreign policy towards the Middle East is
elaborated the United States of America’s position as a sole superpower of the world. The Clinton administration
determined by democratizing, equality and peace attempted to open the Middle East. The unipolar world allowed the
United States to visibly change its foreign policy with the aim of managing with the Middle East political state of
affairs. The lack of having power against the shadow of superpower foreign policy in the region to corporate actions
with the only capable power gave the United States of America to have abilities to open its armed forces centers in
the Persian Gulf to shore up and contribute democratization, practice Dual Containment policy on Iraq and Iran, and
develop the peace process of Arabs and Israelis. The United States increased its involvement in the Middle East to
protect the region, generate stability, so acquired its position power in the unipolar world by distributing
democratization, opening free markets and advocating peace process. The unipolar world has given increasing
changes to the United States of America foreign policy strategy and allowed increasing its armed forces involvement
to obtain its foreign policy initiatives.

In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership h... more In the years since the left-wing Baathist Party came to power in July 1968 the party leadership has consolidated its hold and formed a relatively stable government in a state long noted for its disunity, instability and huge level of political violence. The position of the Baathist leadership has been enhanced by recent successes the dramatic hike in Petroleum prices in 1973, the defeat of Kurds and the accord with Iran in March 1975. These advantages have enabled the Second Baathist government to initiate new approaches to its domestic and foreign policies not possible in the early years of its rule. This article focus on these policy approaches and the forces shaping the operating assumption of the Second Baathist leadership in its decision making processes. Since the absence of any comprehensive Agency evaluation of Iraq in present years, a discussion of the second Baathist consolidation of power and the emergence of political, economic and social policies aimed at presenting internal unity and stability is showed along with an analysis of the sources of possible political warfare. This study concludes with an examination of present Iraqi foreign policy objective also their implication for the United States interests in the region. This article outlines the history and genesis of the second Baathist government in Iraq. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is given to link between the second Iraqi Baathist government and its reaction to the political transformation in Iraq. The Baathist government and the National front. The Baathist government regional and international relations. This study is a historical research based on qualitative study .This study is extensively used original texts of the United States Foreign Relations (FUR) documents.

In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of ... more In the first days of the new Iraqi republic system, everything appeared prefect for the Kurds of Iraq. Their leaders recognized the Kurds as the partners with the Sunni and Shiites in new republic of Iraq. They promised Kurds to give them their political and national rights within Iraq. Conversely, these anticipation lived-short; sooner differences emerge between the Iraqi administrations and the Kurdish leaders. The Kurdish leaders saw no whish, however to seek struggle with the purpose of getting their national rights. In 1961, the first major breakout of war between the central government and the Kurds occurred. This fighting was keeping on with some interruptions until 1975. This paper will explore how the Iraqi governments managed with the Kurdish leaders. It examines the three successive Iraqi governments’ policies toward the Kurdish issue, which are logically and functionally related to Iraqi national policy, constitutional framework, level of regional autonomy and the Kurdish relations with Iraqi governments. This study presented a significant amount of positively not published details about these parties. Particular attention is paid to link between successive Iraqi government policies as well as reaction to the Kurdish issue. This study is a historical research based on qualitative analyze of perspective from various actors .This study is used Kurdish and non-Kurdish sources.

Iraq is very different state nowadays from what it was when military coup d'états upheaval overtu... more Iraq is very different state nowadays from what it was when military coup d'états upheaval overturned the pro-Western kingdom and arrangements a radical Arab nationalist governments. Notwithstanding, the strong-Arab cast to the ideology of the inexperienced nationalist officers who dominated Iraq, domestic issue proved so dangerous and so persistent that successive governments were forced to turn inward. This article outlines the history and genesis of Iraq's role in the Middle Eastern problems. This study is presented a noteworthy amount of positively not promulgated details about these parties. Particular attention is given to relation between Iraq also other Middle Eastern countries, and their relations with each other. Iraq's oil and the Kurdish issue.

The University of Zakho, 2024

Abstract The Kurdish question is considered one of the most significance issue in the context of... more Abstract

The Kurdish question is considered one of the most significance issue in the context of the U.S. relations with Iran, as the Kurdish question has played a key role in the U.S. foreign policy according to its interests in Iran. Therefore, this study which is entitled (The U.S. foreign policy towards the Kurdish question in Iran 1960-1981: A historical and Documentary study) being conducted on.
On the word of the nature of materials the structure of study is written, according to this plan this thesis is divided into an introduction, six chapters as well as the great results of it.
In its first chapter it sheds light on (the U.S. attitude to the Kurdish Question in Iran 1942-1959), it shows the activities, movement of Kurds, the Soviet attitude and the Iran policy to the Kurdish question also the reflection of the Kurdish question in Iran in the U.S. officials and agency perspectives likewise the U.S. attitude and policy towards the Kurdish question at that time, along with this exploration, it attempts to answer some questions such as what were the factors behind the U.S. officials encouragement to looking the Kurdish question in Iran carefully? . What were the U.S. administration’s reaction to the Soviet propagandas among the Kurdish at that time?
Second chapter of this study illustrates (the U.S. policy towards the Kurdish Question in Iran 1960-1972), it endeavors to show the political development in eastern Kurdistan, the influence of the September revolution on the Kurdish question in Iran, Kurdish efforts to get the U.S. support for their question as well as Washington policy towards the Kurdish question in this country, within this context it attempts to answer some question for instance did the Kurdish attempt to get the U.S support for their cause in 1960s and how was the U.S. reaction to it?. Under the influence of September revolution also in the context of its foreign policy how the U.S. show its policy to the Kurdish question in Iran 1960-1972? How was the U.S. policy reacted to the Iranian government strategy in dealing with the Kurds national movement?
This thesis in its third chapters handles with (the development and reflection of the Kurdish question within the development of Iran and the U.S. foreign policy 1973-1978). It explores Kurdish question in the context of the political development in Iran and the U.S. foreign policy to it. Moreover, the U.S. policy towards the Iranian governments strategy in handling the Kurdish question and its consideration. In this context its efforts to shed lights on some questions such as did the Kurdish leader in Iran stand against the U.S. in that period? How were the U.S. officials’ attitude to the shah’s regime policy to Kurds and how its declare its policy in this context? What was the foreign policy to the participation of Kurds in the Iranian revolution? did the U.S. support the Shah’s regime to overthrow the Kurdish question influence on Iran also did the U.S. encourage Shah’s regime to find a resolution for the Kurdish question peacefully?
The fourth chapter of this study spell outs on (the U.S. policy towards discussion and political development in eastern Kurdistan from January to 22 August 1979), in this framework it demonstrates the Kurdish question in the U.S. foreign policy during the Kurdish wars and discussion with the government of Iran, furthermore, the U.S policy towards the U.S. officials’ attitude to the ignorance of Kurdish question in Washington. In this regard it attempts to depict some question such as how was the attitude of the U.S. media and administrations to the Kurdish question in Iran and how did they effort to encourage the U.S. government to show its policy towards the Kurdish question in Iran? Why Khomeini considered the US supported the Kurds and declared the holy war against Kurds? Did the Iranian government allegation the U.S. of supporting the Kurdish question in Iran and how was the policy of Washington to the Iranian allegation? Did the U.S. central intelligence agency play a role in the development of the Kurdish question in Iran?
It is chapter fifth this study illustrates (the U.S. attitude and policy towards the Political development in eastern Kurdistan between 23 August and December 1979), it sheds light upon the Kurdish question in the context of Kurdish wars and discussion with the Iranian government officials in addition to the U.S. media and administration attitude and its policy towards the Iranian forces attacks on the Kurdish areas, the Kurdish areas conditions in the U.S. policy. In this regard to maneuvers to clarify some questions for instance, why Khomeini always considered the U.S encouraged Kurds to revolt against Iran and declared holy war on Kurds? Did the Kurds participate in the capture of the U.S. embassy and its diplomats and what were the Kurdish political parties’ attitude to those events? did the U.S. congress and media encourage the U.S government to fulfillment its human rights policy towards the Kurdish question?
This study in chapter sixth and final section deals with ( the U.S. policy towards the Kurdish question in Iran 1980-1981), it shows the U.S policy towards the influence of final stage of the Kurdish wars with Iran, the U.S. attitude and policy to the Iranian forces attacks on the Kurdish areas also clarify the Kurdish leaders relations with the regional players and their foreign relations and Kurdish leaders attempts to get the U.S. support for their national cause in Iran and the U.S. policy. Within this outline its efforts to clear up some points for example why Khomeini’s regime used the U.S. Vietnam policy towards Kurds? Did the Kurds attempt to have contact with the U.S? why did not the U.S move to the Kurds? Why the Iranian government showed the U.S. diplomats were the Kurdish agency?
Its noteworthy to clarify that a great number of primary references are being used such as the department of state, department of defense, reports and telegrams of the CIA, the U.S, national archives, Iranian human rights documentation center, the U.S. congressional records also memoirs of presidents, diplomats, journal archives. likewise Kurdish politician memoirs, political parties’ documents and some Persian journals, moreover, for clarifying historical events more properly this study took a great advantage from some historical accounts and articles that are dealing with the Kurdish issue in Iran.

Nawroz University Academic Journal, 2019

Kurdology (Kurdnasi), is a science, which concentnates on all aspects related to the Kurdish nati... more Kurdology (Kurdnasi), is a science, which concentnates on all aspects related to the Kurdish
nation. At the beginning this science was studied and written as a branch of human sciences
among the Orientalism and then lranian studies in Europe. After passing a long tirhe; KurdOtogy
as an independent science separated from orientalism, the western countries paid much
attention to it, As a result, it has being taken into account to write an article on this key science
*i,r, ,n" aim of illustr,ating its history, concept and discoveries accurately. This research has used
variety ranges of Kurdish, Arabic as well as Kurdish resources.
This research is divided to an introductory, an overview, six sections and a conclusion' ln its
introduction, this study endeavours to shed light on the significance, objectives' problem and
references that are ueing used by this study. Additionally, this study in its overview claiifies
concepts and definition of Kurdology. In order to get an accurate picture upon the emergency
of Kurdology history, the first section of this study depicts the history. of Kurdology. In its second
section, this article throws light on the scientific advantage and Kuidology'objectives. The third
section of this study explores the orientalists' duties. lts fourth section sufficiently strives to
present the most preponderant subjects, which the orientalists who wrote on Kurds' The fifth
section of the research attempts to clear up the objective of orientalists ariiong the Kuids. tn its
sixth section, this arricle effectively manoeuvres the most important reasons behind of
emergence of Kurdology among the Kurds so lately. A conclusion of this research demonstrates
those findings, which being discovered by the author during the examination this study'
Keywords: Kurdologyl Kurd, Language, religion, community, history and political circumstance