Build Script Examples - The Cargo Book (original) (raw)

The Cargo Book

Build Script Examples

The following sections illustrate some examples of writing build scripts.

Some common build script functionality can be found via crates on crates.io. Check out the build-dependencieskeyword to see what is available. The following is a sample of some popular crates1:

Code generation

Some Cargo packages need to have code generated just before they are compiled for various reasons. Here we’ll walk through a simple example which generates a library call as part of the build script.

First, let’s take a look at the directory structure of this package:

.
├── Cargo.toml
├── build.rs
└── src
    └── main.rs

1 directory, 3 files

Here we can see that we have a build.rs build script and our binary inmain.rs. This package has a basic manifest:

# Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "hello-from-generated-code"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

Let’s see what’s inside the build script:

// build.rs

use std::env;
use std::fs;
use std::path::Path;

fn main() {
    let out_dir = env::var_os("OUT_DIR").unwrap();
    let dest_path = Path::new(&out_dir).join("hello.rs");
    fs::write(
        &dest_path,
        "pub fn message() -> &'static str {
            \"Hello, World!\"
        }
        "
    ).unwrap();
    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
}

There’s a couple of points of note here:

Next, let’s peek at the library itself:

// src/main.rs

include!(concat!(env!("OUT_DIR"), "/hello.rs"));

fn main() {
    println!("{}", message());
}

This is where the real magic happens. The library is using the rustc-definedinclude! macro in combination with theconcat! and env! macros to include the generated file (hello.rs) into the crate’s compilation.

Using the structure shown here, crates can include any number of generated files from the build script itself.

Building a native library

Sometimes it’s necessary to build some native C or C++ code as part of a package. This is another excellent use case of leveraging the build script to build a native library before the Rust crate itself. As an example, we’ll create a Rust library which calls into C to print “Hello, World!”.

Like above, let’s first take a look at the package layout:

.
├── Cargo.toml
├── build.rs
└── src
    ├── hello.c
    └── main.rs

1 directory, 4 files

Pretty similar to before! Next, the manifest:

# Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "hello-world-from-c"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

For now we’re not going to use any build dependencies, so let’s take a look at the build script now:

// build.rs

use std::process::Command;
use std::env;
use std::path::Path;

fn main() {
    let out_dir = env::var("OUT_DIR").unwrap();

    // Note that there are a number of downsides to this approach, the comments
    // below detail how to improve the portability of these commands.
    Command::new("gcc").args(&["src/hello.c", "-c", "-fPIC", "-o"])
                       .arg(&format!("{}/hello.o", out_dir))
                       .status().unwrap();
    Command::new("ar").args(&["crus", "libhello.a", "hello.o"])
                      .current_dir(&Path::new(&out_dir))
                      .status().unwrap();

    println!("cargo::rustc-link-search=native={}", out_dir);
    println!("cargo::rustc-link-lib=static=hello");
    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=src/hello.c");
}

This build script starts out by compiling our C file into an object file (by invoking gcc) and then converting this object file into a static library (by invoking ar). The final step is feedback to Cargo itself to say that our output was in out_dir and the compiler should link the crate to libhello.astatically via the -l static=hello flag.

Note that there are a number of drawbacks to this hard-coded approach:

Not to fear, though, this is where a build-dependencies entry would help! The Cargo ecosystem has a number of packages to make this sort of task much easier, portable, and standardized. Let’s try the cccrate from crates.io. First, add it to thebuild-dependencies in Cargo.toml:

[build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0"

And rewrite the build script to use this crate:

// build.rs

fn main() {
    cc::Build::new()
        .file("src/hello.c")
        .compile("hello");
    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=src/hello.c");
}

The cc crate abstracts a range of build script requirements for C code:

Here we can start to see some of the major benefits of farming as much functionality as possible out to common build dependencies rather than duplicating logic across all build scripts!

Back to the case study though, let’s take a quick look at the contents of thesrc directory:

// src/hello.c

#include <stdio.h>

void hello() {
    printf("Hello, World!\n");
}

// src/main.rs

// Note the lack of the `#[link]` attribute. We’re delegating the responsibility
// of selecting what to link over to the build script rather than hard-coding
// it in the source file.
extern { fn hello(); }

fn main() {
    unsafe { hello(); }
}

And there we go! This should complete our example of building some C code from a Cargo package using the build script itself. This also shows why using a build dependency can be crucial in many situations and even much more concise!

We’ve also seen a brief example of how a build script can use a crate as a dependency purely for the build process and not for the crate itself at runtime.

Linking to system libraries

This example demonstrates how to link a system library and how the build script is used to support this use case.

Quite frequently a Rust crate wants to link to a native library provided on the system to bind its functionality or just use it as part of an implementation detail. This is quite a nuanced problem when it comes to performing this in a platform-agnostic fashion. It is best, if possible, to farm out as much of this as possible to make this as easy as possible for consumers.

For this example, we will be creating a binding to the system’s zlib library. This is a library that is commonly found on most Unix-like systems that provides data compression. This is already wrapped up in the libz-syscrate, but for this example, we’ll do an extremely simplified version. Check out the source code for the full example.

To make it easy to find the location of the library, we will use thepkg-config crate. This crate uses the system’s pkg-config utility to discover information about a library. It will automatically tell Cargo what is needed to link the library. This will likely only work on Unix-like systems with pkg-config installed. Let’s start by setting up the manifest:

# Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "libz-sys"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"
links = "z"

[build-dependencies]
pkg-config = "0.3.16"

Take note that we included the links key in the package table. This tells Cargo that we are linking to the libz library. See “Using another sys crate” for an example that will leverage this.

The build script is fairly simple:

// build.rs

fn main() {
    pkg_config::Config::new().probe("zlib").unwrap();
    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=build.rs");
}

Let’s round out the example with a basic FFI binding:

// src/lib.rs

use std::os::raw::{c_uint, c_ulong};

extern "C" {
    pub fn crc32(crc: c_ulong, buf: *const u8, len: c_uint) -> c_ulong;
}

#[test]
fn test_crc32() {
    let s = "hello";
    unsafe {
        assert_eq!(crc32(0, s.as_ptr(), s.len() as c_uint), 0x3610a686);
    }
}

Run cargo build -vv to see the output from the build script. On a system with libz already installed, it may look something like this:

[libz-sys 0.1.0] cargo::rustc-link-search=native=/usr/lib
[libz-sys 0.1.0] cargo::rustc-link-lib=z
[libz-sys 0.1.0] cargo::rerun-if-changed=build.rs

Nice! pkg-config did all the work of finding the library and telling Cargo where it is.

It is not unusual for packages to include the source for the library, and build it statically if it is not found on the system, or if a feature or environment variable is set. For example, the real libz-sys crate checks the environment variable LIBZ_SYS_STATIC or the static feature to build it from source instead of using the system library. Check out the source for a more complete example.

Using another sys crate

When using the links key, crates may set metadata that can be read by other crates that depend on it. This provides a mechanism to communicate information between crates. In this example, we’ll be creating a C library that makes use of zlib from the real libz-sys crate.

If you have a C library that depends on zlib, you can leverage the libz-syscrate to automatically find it or build it. This is great for cross-platform support, such as Windows where zlib is not usually installed. libz-sys sets the includemetadatato tell other packages where to find the header files for zlib. Our build script can read that metadata with the DEP_Z_INCLUDE environment variable. Here’s an example:

# Cargo.toml

[package]
name = "zuser"
version = "0.1.0"
edition = "2024"

[dependencies]
libz-sys = "1.0.25"

[build-dependencies]
cc = "1.0.46"

Here we have included libz-sys which will ensure that there is only onelibz used in the final library, and give us access to it from our build script:

// build.rs

fn main() {
    let mut cfg = cc::Build::new();
    cfg.file("src/zuser.c");
    if let Some(include) = std::env::var_os("DEP_Z_INCLUDE") {
        cfg.include(include);
    }
    cfg.compile("zuser");
    println!("cargo::rerun-if-changed=src/zuser.c");
}

With libz-sys doing all the heavy lifting, the C source code may now include the zlib header, and it should find the header, even on systems where it isn’t already installed.

// src/zuser.c

#include "zlib.h"

// … rest of code that makes use of zlib.

Conditional compilation

A build script may emit rustc-cfg instructions which can enable conditions that can be checked at compile time. In this example, we’ll take a look at how the openssl crate uses this to support multiple versions of the OpenSSL library.

The openssl-sys crate implements building and linking the OpenSSL library. It supports multiple different implementations (like LibreSSL) and multiple versions. It makes use of the links key so that it may pass information to other build scripts. One of the things it passes is the version_number key, which is the version of OpenSSL that was detected. The code in the build script looks something like this:

println!("cargo::metadata=version_number={openssl_version:x}");

This instruction causes the DEP_OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER environment variable to be set in any crates that directly depend on openssl-sys.

The openssl crate, which provides the higher-level interface, specifiesopenssl-sys as a dependency. The openssl build script can read the version information generated by the openssl-sys build script with theDEP_OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER environment variable. It uses this to generate some cfgvalues:

// (portion of build.rs)

println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl101,ossl102)");
println!("cargo::rustc-check-cfg=cfg(ossl110,ossl110g,ossl111)");

if let Ok(version) = env::var("DEP_OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER") {
    let version = u64::from_str_radix(&version, 16).unwrap();

    if version >= 0x1_00_01_00_0 {
        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=ossl101");
    }
    if version >= 0x1_00_02_00_0 {
        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=ossl102");
    }
    if version >= 0x1_01_00_00_0 {
        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=ossl110");
    }
    if version >= 0x1_01_00_07_0 {
        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=ossl110g");
    }
    if version >= 0x1_01_01_00_0 {
        println!("cargo::rustc-cfg=ossl111");
    }
}

These cfg values can then be used with the cfg attribute or the cfgmacro to conditionally include code. For example, SHA3 support was added in OpenSSL 1.1.1, so it is conditionally excludedfor older versions:

// (portion of openssl crate)

#[cfg(ossl111)]
pub fn sha3_224() -> MessageDigest {
    unsafe { MessageDigest(ffi::EVP_sha3_224()) }
}

Of course, one should be careful when using this, since it makes the resulting binary even more dependent on the build environment. In this example, if the binary is distributed to another system, it may not have the exact same shared libraries, which could cause problems.