spawn in std::thread - Rust (original) (raw)

Function spawn

1.0.0 · Source

pub fn spawn<F, T>(f: F) -> JoinHandle<T>

where
    F: FnOnce() -> T + Send + 'static,
    T: Send + 'static,

Expand description

Spawns a new thread, returning a JoinHandle for it.

The join handle provides a join method that can be used to join the spawned thread. If the spawned thread panics, join will return an Err containing the argument given to panic!.

If the join handle is dropped, the spawned thread will implicitly be detached. In this case, the spawned thread may no longer be joined. (It is the responsibility of the program to either eventually join threads it creates or detach them; otherwise, a resource leak will result.)

This call will create a thread using default parameters of Builder, if you want to specify the stack size or the name of the thread, use this API instead.

As you can see in the signature of spawn there are two constraints on both the closure given to spawn and its return value, let’s explain them:

• The 'static constraint means that the closure and its return value must have a lifetime of the whole program execution. The reason for this is that threads can outlive the lifetime they have been created in.
  Indeed if the thread, and by extension its return value, can outlive their caller, we need to make sure that they will be valid afterwards, and since we can’t know when it will return we need to have them valid as long as possible, that is until the end of the program, hence the 'staticlifetime.
• The Send constraint is because the closure will need to be passed_by value_ from the thread where it is spawned to the new thread. Its return value will need to be passed from the new thread to the thread where it is joined. As a reminder, the Send marker trait expresses that it is safe to be passed from thread to thread. Sync expresses that it is safe to have a reference be passed from thread to thread.

§Panics

Panics if the OS fails to create a thread; use Builder::spawnto recover from such errors.

§Examples

Creating a thread.

use std::thread;

let handler = thread::spawn(|| {
    // thread code
});

handler.join().unwrap();

As mentioned in the module documentation, threads are usually made to communicate using channels, here is how it usually looks.

This example also shows how to use move, in order to give ownership of values to a thread.

use std::thread;
use std::sync::mpsc::channel;

let (tx, rx) = channel();

let sender = thread::spawn(move || {
    tx.send("Hello, thread".to_owned())
        .expect("Unable to send on channel");
});

let receiver = thread::spawn(move || {
    let value = rx.recv().expect("Unable to receive from channel");
    println!("{value}");
});

sender.join().expect("The sender thread has panicked");
receiver.join().expect("The receiver thread has panicked");

A thread can also return a value through its JoinHandle, you can use this to make asynchronous computations (futures might be more appropriate though).

use std::thread;

let computation = thread::spawn(|| {
    // Some expensive computation.
    42
});

let result = computation.join().unwrap();
println!("{result}");

§Notes

This function has the same minimal guarantee regarding “foreign” unwinding operations (e.g. an exception thrown from C++ code, or a panic! in Rust code compiled or linked with a different runtime) as catch_unwind; namely, if the thread created with thread::spawnunwinds all the way to the root with such an exception, one of two behaviors are possible, and it is unspecified which will occur:

• The process aborts.
• The process does not abort, and join will return a Result::Errcontaining an opaque type.