Styling plot elements (original) (raw)

Selecting plot objects#

If you want to customize the appearance of any element of your Bokeh plot, you first need to identify which object you want to modify. As described inIntroduction, Bokeh plots are a combination of Python objects that represent all the different parts of your plot: its grids, axes, and glyphs, for example.

Some objects have convenience methods to help you identify the objects you want to address. See Styling axes, Styling grids, and Styling legends for examples.

To query for any Bokeh plot object, use the select() method on Plot. For example, to find all PanTool objects in a plot:

p.select(type=PanTool) [<bokeh.models.tools.PanTool at 0x106608b90>]

You can also use the select() method to query on other attributes as well:

p.circle(0, 0, radius=1, name="mycircle") <bokeh.plotting.figure at 0x106608810>

p.select(name="mycircle") [<bokeh.models.renderers.GlyphRenderer at 0x106a4c810>]

This query method can be especially useful when you want to style visual attributes of Styling glyphs.

Styling plots#

In addition to the individual plot elements, a Plot object itself also has several visual characteristics that you can customize: the dimensions of the plot, its backgrounds, borders, or outlines, for example. This section describes how to change these attributes of a Bokeh plot.

The example code primarily uses the bokeh.plotting interface to create plots. However, the instructions apply regardless of how a Bokeh plot was created.

Dimensions#

To change the width and height of a Plot, use its width andheight attributes. Those two attributes use screen units. They control the size of the entire canvas area, including any axes or titles (but not the toolbar).

If you are using the bokeh.plotting interface, you can pass these values tofigure() directly:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

create a new plot with specific dimensions

p = figure(width=700) p.height = 300

p.scatter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 5, 8, 2, 7], size=10)

show(p)

Responsive sizes#

To automatically adjust the width or height of your plot in relation to the available space in the browser, use the plot’ssizing_mode property.

To control how the plot scales to fill its container, see the documentation forlayouts, in particular the sizing_mode property ofLayoutDOM.

If you set sizing_mode to anything different than fixed, Bokeh adjusts the width and height as soon as a plot is rendered. However, Bokeh uses width and height to calculate the initial aspect ratio of your plot.

Plots will only resize down to a minimum of 100px (height or width) to prevent problems in displaying your plot.

Title#

To style the title of your plot, use the Title annotation, which is available as the .title property of the Plot.

You can use most of the standard text properties. However, text_align andtext_baseline do not apply. To position the title relative to the entire plot, use the properties align andoffset instead.

As an example, to set the color and font style of the title text, useplot.title.text_color:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400, title="Some Title") p.title.text_color = "olive" p.title.text_font = "times" p.title.text_font_style = "italic"

p.scatter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 5, 8, 2, 7], size=10)

show(p)

Background#

To change the background fill style, adjust the background_fill_color andbackground_fill_alpha properties of the Plot object:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.background_fill_color = "beige" p.background_fill_alpha = 0.5

p.scatter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 5, 8, 2, 7], size=10)

show(p)

Border#

To adjust the border fill style, use the border_fill_color andborder_fill_alpha properties of the Plot object. You can also set the minimum border on each side (in screen units) with these properties:

Additionally, if you set min_border, Bokeh applies a minimum border setting to all sides as a convenience. The min_border default value is 40px.

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.border_fill_color = "whitesmoke" p.min_border_left = 80

p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

show(p)

Outline#

Bokeh Plot objects have various line properties. To change the appearance of outlines, use those line properties that are prefixed with outline_.

For example, to set the color of the outline, use outline_line_color:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.outline_line_width = 7 p.outline_line_alpha = 0.3 p.outline_line_color = "navy"

p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

show(p)

Styling glyphs#

To style the fill, line, or text properties of a glyph, you first need to identify which GlyphRenderer you want to customize. If you are using thebokeh.plotting interface, the glyph functions return the renderer:

r = p.circle([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], radius=1) r <bokeh.models.renderers.GlyphRenderer at 0x106a4c810>

Next, obtain the glyph itself from the .glyph attribute of aGlyphRenderer:

r.glyph <bokeh.models.glyphs.Circle at 0x10799ba10>

This is the object to set fill, line, or text property values for:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) r = p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7])

glyph = r.glyph glyph.size = 60 glyph.fill_alpha = 0.2 glyph.line_color = "firebrick" glyph.line_dash = [6, 3] glyph.line_width = 2

show(p)

Selected and unselected glyphs#

To customize the styling of selected and non-selected glyphs, set theselection_glyph and nonselection_glyph attributes of the GlyphRenderer. You can either set them manually or by passing them to add_glyph().

The plot below uses the bokeh.plotting interface to set these attributes. Click or tap any of the circles on the plot to see the effect on the selected and non-selected glyphs. To clear the selection and restore the original state, click anywhere in the plot outside of a circle.

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

plot = figure(width=400, height=400, tools="tap", title="Select a circle") renderer = plot.scatter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], [2, 5, 8, 2, 7], size=50)

renderer.selection_glyph = renderer.glyph.clone(fill_alpha=1, fill_color="firebrick", line_color=None) renderer.nonselection_glyph = renderer.glyph.clone(fill_alpha=0.2, fill_color="blue", line_color="firebrick")

show(plot)

If you just need to set the color or alpha parameters of the selected or non-selected glyphs, provide color and alpha arguments to the glyph function, prefixed by "selection_" or "nonselection_":

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

plot = figure(width=400, height=400, tools="tap", title="Select a circle") renderer = plot.scatter( x=[1, 2, 3, 4, 5], y=[2, 5, 8, 2, 7], size=50,

# set visual properties for selected glyphs
selection_color="firebrick",

# set visual properties for non-selected glyphs
nonselection_fill_alpha=0.2,
nonselection_fill_color="blue",
nonselection_line_color="firebrick",
nonselection_line_alpha=1.0,

)

show(plot)

If you use the bokeh.models interface, use theadd_glyph() function:

p = Plot() source = ColumnDataSource(dict(x=[1, 2, 3], y=[1, 2, 3]))

initial_circle = Circle(x='x', y='y', fill_color='blue', radius=1) selected_circle = Circle(fill_alpha=1, fill_color="firebrick", line_color=None) nonselected_circle = Circle(fill_alpha=0.2, fill_color="blue", line_color="firebrick")

p.add_glyph(source, initial_circle, selection_glyph=selected_circle, nonselection_glyph=nonselected_circle)

Hover inspections#

To style the appearance of glyphs that are hovered over, pass color or alpha parameters prefixed with "hover_" to your renderer function.

Alternatively, set the selection_glyph and nonselection_glyph attributes of the GlyphRenderer, just like inSelected and unselected glyphs above.

This example uses the first method of passing a color parameter with the"hover_" prefix:

from bokeh.models import RELATIVE_DATETIME_CONTEXT, HoverTool from bokeh.plotting import figure, show from bokeh.sampledata.glucose import data

x = data.loc['2010-10-06'].index.to_series() y = data.loc['2010-10-06']['glucose']

Basic plot setup

p = figure(width=800, height=400, x_axis_type="datetime", tools="pan,wheel_zoom", title='Hover over points') p.xaxis.formatter.context = RELATIVE_DATETIME_CONTEXT() p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None p.background_fill_color = "#fafafa"

p.line(x, y, line_dash="4 4", line_width=1, color='gray')

cr = p.scatter( x, y, size=20, fill_color="steelblue", alpha=0.1, line_color=None, hover_fill_color="midnightblue", hover_alpha=0.5, hover_line_color="white", )

p.add_tools(HoverTool(tooltips=None, renderers=[cr], mode='hline'))

show(p)

Overriding non-visual properties#

Glyphs allow any data driven property to be overridden, not just visual properties. This way the user can, for example, change the size of markers in a scatter plot on hover or even offset a glyph from its original position. In fact the user can override the primary glyph (GlyphRenderer.glyph) with a completely unrelated one (e.g. replace Circle with a Rect).

Note

Only the primary glyph is used for hit testing and other functions. Secondary glyphs (selection_glyph, hover_glyph, etc.) are used for painting and an only affect appearance of a glyph.

This examples shows how to override non-visual properties of a Circle glyph, (radius on hover) and how to use a different glyph on selection:

import numpy as np

from bokeh.core.properties import field from bokeh.io import show from bokeh.models import BoxAnnotation, Indexed, Rect, Tooltip from bokeh.palettes import Spectral11 from bokeh.plotting import figure

N = 50

x = np.random.random(size=N)*100 y = np.random.random(size=N)100 radii = np.random.uniform(1, 5, size=N) radii_big = radii2 colors = np.random.choice(Spectral11, size=N)

p = figure(tools=["hover", "box_select"], active_drag="box_select")

cr = p.circle( x, y, radius=radii, fill_color=colors, fill_alpha=0.8, line_color=None, hover_fill_alpha=0.5, # mix hover_ attributes with manual setup below )

there is no hover_radius so we have set things manually

cr.data_source.data["radii_big"] = radii_big cr.hover_glyph.radius = field("radii_big")

make selection glyph unrelated while reusing existing data

cr.selection_glyph = Rect( line_color=None, fill_color=field("fill_color"), width=field("radii_big"), height=field("radius"), )

p.hover.tooltips = None

tooltip = Tooltip(position=Indexed(renderer=cr, index=0), content="Hover over me!", visible=True) p.elements.append(tooltip)

box = BoxAnnotation(left=40, right=80, top=80, bottom=40) tooltip = Tooltip(position=box.nodes.top_center, content="Select me!", visible=True, attachment="above") box.elements.append(tooltip) p.renderers.append(box)

show(p)

Styling axes#

This section focuses on changing various visual properties of Bokeh plot axes.

To set style attributes on Axis objects, use the xaxis, yaxis, andaxis methods on Plot to first obtain a plot’s Axis objects. For example:

p.xaxis [<bokeh.models.axes.LinearAxis at 0x106fa2390>]

Because there may be more than one axis, this method returns a list of Axis objects. However, as a convenience, these lists are splattable. This means that you can set attributes directly on this result, and the attributes will be applied to all the axes in the list. For example:

p.xaxis.axis_label = "Temperature"

This changes the value of axis_label for every x-axis of p, however many there may be.

The example below demonstrates the use of the xaxis, yaxis, andaxis methods in more details:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

change just some things about the x-axis

p.xaxis.axis_label = "Temp" p.xaxis.axis_line_width = 3 p.xaxis.axis_line_color = "red"

change just some things about the y-axis

p.yaxis.axis_label = "Pressure" p.yaxis.major_label_text_color = "orange" p.yaxis.major_label_orientation = "vertical"

change things on all axes

p.axis.minor_tick_in = -3 p.axis.minor_tick_out = 6

show(p)

Labels#

To add or change the text of an axis’ overall label, use the axis_labelproperty. To add line breaks to the text in an axis label, include \n in your string.

To control the visual appearance of the label text, use any of the standardtext properties prefixed with axis_label_. For instance, to set the text color of the label, set axis_label_text_color.

To change the distance between the axis label and the major tick labels, set theaxis_label_standoff property.

For example:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis.axis_label = "Lot Number" p.xaxis.axis_label_text_color = "#aa6666" p.xaxis.axis_label_standoff = 30

p.yaxis.axis_label = "Bin Count" p.yaxis.axis_label_text_font_style = "italic"

show(p)

Bounds#

To limit the bounds where axes are drawn, set the bounds property of an axis object to a 2-tuple of (start, end):

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis.bounds = (2, 4)

show(p)

Tick locations#

Bokeh uses several “ticker” models to decide where to display ticks on axes (categorical, datetime, mercator, linear, or log scale). To configure the placements of ticks, use the .ticker property of an axis.

If you use the bokeh.plotting interface, Bokeh chooses an appropriate ticker placement model automatically.

In case you need to control which ticker placement model to use, you can also explicitly define a list of tick locations. AssignFixedTicker with a list of tick locations to an axis:

from bokeh.plotting import figure from bokeh.models.tickers import FixedTicker

p = figure()

no additional tick locations will be displayed on the x-axis

p.xaxis.ticker = FixedTicker(ticks=[10, 20, 37.4])

As a shortcut, you can also supply the list of ticks directly to an axis’ticker property:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis.ticker = [2, 3.5, 4]

show(p)

CustomJSTicker#

To fully customize the location of axis ticks, use the CustomJSTicker in combination with a JavaScript snippet as its major_code and minor_codeproperties.

These code snippets should return lists of tick locations:

from bokeh.models import CustomJSTicker from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

xticker = CustomJSTicker( # always three equally spaced ticks major_code=""" const {start, end} = cb_data.range const interval = (end-start) / 4 return [start + interval, start + 2interval, start + 3interval] """, # minor ticks in between the major ticks minor_code=""" const {start, end, major_ticks} = cb_data return [ (start+major_ticks[0])/2, (major_ticks[0]+major_ticks[1])/2, (major_ticks[1]+major_ticks[2])/2, (major_ticks[2]+end)/2, ] """, )

yticker = CustomJSTicker(major_code="return ['a', 'c', 'e', 'g']")

p = figure(y_range=list("abcdefg")) p.scatter([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], ["a", "d", "b", "f", "c"], size=30)

p.xaxis.ticker = xticker

keep the grid lines at all original tick locations

p.ygrid.ticker = p.yaxis.ticker p.yaxis.ticker = yticker

show(p)

Tick lines#

To control the visual appearance of the major and minor ticks, set the appropriate line properties, prefixed with major_tick_ andminor_tick_, respectively.

For instance, to set the color of the major ticks, usemajor_tick_line_color. To hide either set of ticks, set the color toNone.

Additionally, to control how far in and out of the plotting area the ticks extend, use the properties major_tick_in/major_tick_out andminor_tick_in/minor_tick_out. These values are in screen units. Therefore, you can use negative values.

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis.major_tick_line_color = "firebrick" p.xaxis.major_tick_line_width = 3 p.xaxis.minor_tick_line_color = "orange"

p.yaxis.minor_tick_line_color = None

p.axis.major_tick_out = 10 p.axis.minor_tick_in = -3 p.axis.minor_tick_out = 8

show(p)

Tick label formats#

To style the text of axis labels, use the TickFormatter object of the axis’formatter property. Bokeh uses a number of ticker formatters by default in different situations:

These default tick formatters do not expose many configurable properties. To control tick formatting at a finer-grained level, use one of theNumeralTickFormatter or PrintfTickFormatter described below.

Note

To replace a tick formatter on an axis, you must set the formatterproperty on an actual Axis object, not on a splattable list. This is why the following examples use p.yaxis[0].formatter, etc. (with the subscript [0]).

NumeralTickFormatter#

The NumeralTickFormatter has a format property that can be used to control the text formatting of axis ticks.

from bokeh.models import NumeralTickFormatter from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis[0].formatter = NumeralTickFormatter(format="0.0%") p.yaxis[0].formatter = NumeralTickFormatter(format="$0.00")

show(p)

Many additional formats are available. See the full NumeralTickFormatterdocumentation in the reference guide.

PrintfTickFormatter#

The PrintfTickFormatter has a format property that can be used to control the text formatting of axis ticks using printf style format strings.

from bokeh.models import PrintfTickFormatter from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis[0].formatter = PrintfTickFormatter(format="%4.1e") p.yaxis[0].formatter = PrintfTickFormatter(format="%5.3f mu")

show(p)

For full details about formats, see the full PrintfTickFormatterdocumentation in the reference guide.

CustomJSTickFormatter#

To fully customize the format of axis ticks, use the CustomJSTickFormatter in combination with a JavaScript snippet as its code property.

The variable tick contains the unformatted tick value. It is accessible in the snippet or function namespace at render time:

from bokeh.models import CustomJSTickFormatter from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=500, height=500) p.scatter([0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10], [6, 2, 4, 10, 8, 0], size=30)

p.yaxis.formatter = CustomJSTickFormatter(code=""" return Math.floor(tick) + " + " + (tick % 1).toFixed(2) """)

show(p)

Datetime tick context#

Datetime tick formatters have additional properties for adding more context to ticks on datetime axes. For instance, a context format might show the year, month, and day on the first tick, while the regular ticks show an hour and minute.

This is especially useful in cases where an axis is zoomable. For example: when zooming in to a level of seconds, the tick formatter context can provide additional information about broader units of time, such as day or month.

The context options are:

context

A format for adding context to the tick or ticks specified bycontext_which. Values are:

context_which

Which tick or ticks to add a formatted context string to. Values are:"start", "end", "center", and "all".

context_location

Relative to the tick label text baseline, where the context should be rendered. Values are: "below", "above", "left", and "right".

There is a pre-defined RELATIVE_DATETIME_CONTEXT that adds context that is more or less a single scale higher. The example below demonstrates these options:

from bokeh.models import RELATIVE_DATETIME_CONTEXT from bokeh.plotting import figure, show from bokeh.sampledata.glucose import data

x = data.loc['2010-10-06'].index.to_series() y = data.loc['2010-10-06']['glucose']

p = figure(sizing_mode="stretch_width", x_axis_type="datetime", tools="xwheel_zoom") p.xaxis.formatter.context = RELATIVE_DATETIME_CONTEXT()

p.line(x, y, line_dash="4 4", line_width=3, color='gray')

show(p)

It is possible to “chain” multiple DatetimeTickFormatter instances together, for as many levels of context as desired. For example:

p.xaxis.formatter.context = DatetimeTickFormatter(...) p.xaxis.formatter.context.context = DatetimeTickFormatter(...)

Tick label orientation#

To control the orientation of major tick labels, use themajor_label_orientation property. This property accepts the values "horizontal" or "vertical" or a floating-point number that gives the angle (in radians) to rotate from the horizontal:

from math import pi

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.xaxis.major_label_orientation = pi/4 p.yaxis.major_label_orientation = "vertical"

show(p)

Note

There are more properties that you can use to configure Bokeh axes. For a complete list of all the various attributes that you can set on different types of Bokeh axes, see the axes section of thereference guide.

Styling grids#

In this section, you will learn how to set the visual properties of grid lines and grid bands on Bokeh plots.

To obtain a plot’s Grid objects, use the xgrid, ygrid, and grid methods onPlot. This works similar to the convenience methods for axes:

p.grid [<bokeh.models.grids.Grid at 0x106fa2278>, <bokeh.models.grids.Grid at 0x106fa22e8>]

These methods also return splattable lists. You can set an attribute on the list as if it was a single object, and the attribute is changed for every element of the list:

Note

The xgrid property provides the grid objects that intersect the x-axis (meaning vertically oriented objects). Correspondingly, ygridprovides the grid objects that intersect the y-axis (meaning horizontally oriented objects).

Lines#

To configure the visual appearance of grid lines, use a collection ofline properties, prefixed with grid_.

For instance, to set the color of grid lines, use grid_line_color. To hide grid lines, set their line color to None:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

change just some things about the x-grid

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None

change just some things about the y-grid

p.ygrid.grid_line_alpha = 0.5 p.ygrid.grid_line_dash = [6, 4]

show(p)

Minor lines#

To configure the visual appearance of minor grid lines, use a collection ofline properties, prefixed with minor_grid_.

For instance, to set the color of grid lines, use minor_grid_line_color. By default, minor grid lines are hidden (which means that their line color is set to None):

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

change just some things about the y-grid

p.ygrid.minor_grid_line_color = 'navy' p.ygrid.minor_grid_line_alpha = 0.1

show(p)

Bands#

Use “bands” to display filled, shaded bands between adjacent grid lines. To control the visual appearance of these bands, use a collection offill properties and hatch properties that are prefixed with band_.

For instance, to set the color of grid bands, use band_fill_color. To hide grid bands, set their fill color to None (this is the default).

This example defines bands filled with a solid color:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

change just some things about the x-grid

p.xgrid.grid_line_color = None

change just some things about the y-grid

p.ygrid.band_fill_alpha = 0.1 p.ygrid.band_fill_color = "navy"

show(p)

This example uses bands filled with a hatch pattern:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(height=250, width=600, x_range=(0, 10), tools="", toolbar_location=None) p.line(x=[0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10], y=[1,3,4,3,1,2,6,5,2,3,4])

p.ygrid.grid_line_color = None

ticks = [0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10] p.xaxis[0].ticker = ticks p.xgrid[0].ticker = ticks

p.xgrid.band_hatch_pattern = "/" p.xgrid.band_hatch_alpha = 0.6 p.xgrid.band_hatch_color = "lightgrey" p.xgrid.band_hatch_weight = 0.5 p.xgrid.band_hatch_scale = 10

show(p)

Bounds#

To set explicit bounds that limit where grids are drawn, use a 2-tuple of_(start, end)_. This is identical to settingbounds for axes:

from bokeh.plotting import figure, show

p = figure(width=400, height=400) p.scatter([1,2,3,4,5], [2,5,8,2,7], size=10)

p.grid.bounds = (2, 4)

show(p)

Note

There are other properties that Bokeh grids support configuring. For a complete listing of all the various attributes that can be set on Bokeh plot grids, consult the grids section of thereference guide.

Setting render levels#

To specify the order in which things are drawn, use one of the following render levels:

image:

“lowest” render level, drawn before anything else

underlay:

default render level for grids

glyph:

default render level for all glyphs (which means they are drawn above grids)

annotation:

default render level for annotation renderers

overlay:

“highest” render level, for tool overlays

Within a given level, renderers are drawn in the order that they were added.

To specify a render level explicitly, use the level parameter on the renderer.

For example, to make sure an image is rendered under the grid lines, assign the render level "image" to the level argument when calling yourimage renderer:

p.image(..., level="image")

You can see a complete example with output in the sectionColor mapped images.