Examples — Python 3.8.20 documentation (original) (raw)

email: Examples

Here are a few examples of how to use the email package to read, write, and send simple email messages, as well as more complex MIME messages.

First, let’s see how to create and send a simple text message (both the text content and the addresses may contain unicode characters):

Import smtplib for the actual sending function

import smtplib

Import the email modules we'll need

from email.message import EmailMessage

Open the plain text file whose name is in textfile for reading.

with open(textfile) as fp: # Create a text/plain message msg = EmailMessage() msg.set_content(fp.read())

me == the sender's email address

you == the recipient's email address

msg['Subject'] = f'The contents of {textfile}' msg['From'] = me msg['To'] = you

Send the message via our own SMTP server.

s = smtplib.SMTP('localhost') s.send_message(msg) s.quit()

Parsing RFC 822 headers can easily be done by the using the classes from the parser module:

Import the email modules we'll need

from email.parser import BytesParser, Parser from email.policy import default

If the e-mail headers are in a file, uncomment these two lines:

with open(messagefile, 'rb') as fp:

headers = BytesParser(policy=default).parse(fp)

Or for parsing headers in a string (this is an uncommon operation), use:

headers = Parser(policy=default).parsestr( 'From: Foo Bar user@example.com\n' 'To: someone_else@example.com\n' 'Subject: Test message\n' '\n' 'Body would go here\n')

Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary:

print('To: {}'.format(headers['to'])) print('From: {}'.format(headers['from'])) print('Subject: {}'.format(headers['subject']))

You can also access the parts of the addresses:

print('Recipient username: {}'.format(headers['to'].addresses[0].username)) print('Sender name: {}'.format(headers['from'].addresses[0].display_name))

Here’s an example of how to send a MIME message containing a bunch of family pictures that may be residing in a directory:

Import smtplib for the actual sending function

import smtplib

And imghdr to find the types of our images

import imghdr

Here are the email package modules we'll need

from email.message import EmailMessage

Create the container email message.

msg = EmailMessage() msg['Subject'] = 'Our family reunion'

me == the sender's email address

family = the list of all recipients' email addresses

msg['From'] = me msg['To'] = ', '.join(family) msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'

Open the files in binary mode. Use imghdr to figure out the

MIME subtype for each specific image.

for file in pngfiles: with open(file, 'rb') as fp: img_data = fp.read() msg.add_attachment(img_data, maintype='image', subtype=imghdr.what(None, img_data))

Send the email via our own SMTP server.

with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s: s.send_message(msg)

Here’s an example of how to send the entire contents of a directory as an email message: 1

#!/usr/bin/env python3

"""Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message."""

import os import smtplib

For guessing MIME type based on file name extension

import mimetypes

from argparse import ArgumentParser

from email.message import EmailMessage from email.policy import SMTP

def main(): parser = ArgumentParser(description="""
Send the contents of a directory as a MIME message. Unless the -o option is given, the email is sent by forwarding to your local SMTP server, which then does the normal delivery process. Your local machine must be running an SMTP server. """) parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', help="""Mail the contents of the specified directory, otherwise use the current directory. Only the regular files in the directory are sent, and we don't recurse to subdirectories.""") parser.add_argument('-o', '--output', metavar='FILE', help="""Print the composed message to FILE instead of sending the message to the SMTP server.""") parser.add_argument('-s', '--sender', required=True, help='The value of the From: header (required)') parser.add_argument('-r', '--recipient', required=True, action='append', metavar='RECIPIENT', default=[], dest='recipients', help='A To: header value (at least one required)') args = parser.parse_args() directory = args.directory if not directory: directory = '.' # Create the message msg = EmailMessage() msg['Subject'] = f'Contents of directory {os.path.abspath(directory)}' msg['To'] = ', '.join(args.recipients) msg['From'] = args.sender msg.preamble = 'You will not see this in a MIME-aware mail reader.\n'

for filename in os.listdir(directory):
    path = os.path.join(directory, filename)
    if not os.path.isfile(path):
        continue
    # Guess the content type based on the file's extension.  Encoding
    # will be ignored, although we should check for simple things like
    # gzip'd or compressed files.
    ctype, encoding = mimetypes.guess_type(path)
    if ctype is None or encoding is not None:
        # No guess could be made, or the file is encoded (compressed), so
        # use a generic bag-of-bits type.
        ctype = 'application/octet-stream'
    maintype, subtype = ctype.split('/', 1)
    with open(path, 'rb') as fp:
        msg.add_attachment(fp.read(),
                           maintype=maintype,
                           subtype=subtype,
                           filename=filename)
# Now send or store the message
if args.output:
    with open(args.output, 'wb') as fp:
        fp.write(msg.as_bytes(policy=SMTP))
else:
    with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s:
        s.send_message(msg)

if name == 'main': main()

Here’s an example of how to unpack a MIME message like the one above, into a directory of files:

#!/usr/bin/env python3

"""Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files."""

import os import email import mimetypes

from email.policy import default

from argparse import ArgumentParser

def main(): parser = ArgumentParser(description="""
Unpack a MIME message into a directory of files. """) parser.add_argument('-d', '--directory', required=True, help="""Unpack the MIME message into the named directory, which will be created if it doesn't already exist.""") parser.add_argument('msgfile') args = parser.parse_args()

with open(args.msgfile, 'rb') as fp:
    msg = email.message_from_binary_file(fp, policy=default)

try:
    os.mkdir(args.directory)
except FileExistsError:
    pass

counter = 1
for part in msg.walk():
    # multipart/* are just containers
    if part.get_content_maintype() == 'multipart':
        continue
    # Applications should really sanitize the given filename so that an
    # email message can't be used to overwrite important files
    filename = part.get_filename()
    if not filename:
        ext = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type())
        if not ext:
            # Use a generic bag-of-bits extension
            ext = '.bin'
        filename = f'part-{counter:03d}{ext}'
    counter += 1
    with open(os.path.join(args.directory, filename), 'wb') as fp:
        fp.write(part.get_payload(decode=True))

if name == 'main': main()

Here’s an example of how to create an HTML message with an alternative plain text version. To make things a bit more interesting, we include a related image in the html part, and we save a copy of what we are going to send to disk, as well as sending it.

#!/usr/bin/env python3

import smtplib

from email.message import EmailMessage from email.headerregistry import Address from email.utils import make_msgid

Create the base text message.

msg = EmailMessage() msg['Subject'] = "Ayons asperges pour le déjeuner" msg['From'] = Address("Pepé Le Pew", "pepe", "example.com") msg['To'] = (Address("Penelope Pussycat", "penelope", "example.com"), Address("Fabrette Pussycat", "fabrette", "example.com")) msg.set_content("""
Salut!

Cela ressemble à un excellent recipie[1] déjeuner.

[1] http://www.yummly.com/recipe/Roasted-Asparagus-Epicurious-203718

--Pepé """)

Add the html version. This converts the message into a multipart/alternative

container, with the original text message as the first part and the new html

message as the second part.

asparagus_cid = make_msgid() msg.add_alternative("""\

Salut!

Cela ressemble à un excellent recipie déjeuner.

""".format(asparagus_cid=asparagus_cid[1:-1]), subtype='html') # note that we needed to peel the <> off the msgid for use in the html.

Now add the related image to the html part.

with open("roasted-asparagus.jpg", 'rb') as img: msg.get_payload()[1].add_related(img.read(), 'image', 'jpeg', cid=asparagus_cid)

Make a local copy of what we are going to send.

with open('outgoing.msg', 'wb') as f: f.write(bytes(msg))

Send the message via local SMTP server.

with smtplib.SMTP('localhost') as s: s.send_message(msg)

If we were sent the message from the last example, here is one way we could process it:

import os import sys import tempfile import mimetypes import webbrowser

Import the email modules we'll need

from email import policy from email.parser import BytesParser

An imaginary module that would make this work and be safe.

from imaginary import magic_html_parser

In a real program you'd get the filename from the arguments.

with open('outgoing.msg', 'rb') as fp: msg = BytesParser(policy=policy.default).parse(fp)

Now the header items can be accessed as a dictionary, and any non-ASCII will

be converted to unicode:

print('To:', msg['to']) print('From:', msg['from']) print('Subject:', msg['subject'])

If we want to print a preview of the message content, we can extract whatever

the least formatted payload is and print the first three lines. Of course,

if the message has no plain text part printing the first three lines of html

is probably useless, but this is just a conceptual example.

simplest = msg.get_body(preferencelist=('plain', 'html')) print() print(''.join(simplest.get_content().splitlines(keepends=True)[:3]))

ans = input("View full message?") if ans.lower()[0] == 'n': sys.exit()

We can extract the richest alternative in order to display it:

richest = msg.get_body() partfiles = {} if richest['content-type'].maintype == 'text': if richest['content-type'].subtype == 'plain': for line in richest.get_content().splitlines(): print(line) sys.exit() elif richest['content-type'].subtype == 'html': body = richest else: print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type())) sys.exit() elif richest['content-type'].content_type == 'multipart/related': body = richest.get_body(preferencelist=('html')) for part in richest.iter_attachments(): fn = part.get_filename() if fn: extension = os.path.splitext(part.get_filename())[1] else: extension = mimetypes.guess_extension(part.get_content_type()) with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(suffix=extension, delete=False) as f: f.write(part.get_content()) # again strip the <> to go from email form of cid to html form. partfiles[part['content-id'][1:-1]] = f.name else: print("Don't know how to display {}".format(richest.get_content_type())) sys.exit() with tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(mode='w', delete=False) as f: # The magic_html_parser has to rewrite the href="cid:...." attributes to # point to the filenames in partfiles. It also has to do a safety-sanitize # of the html. It could be written using html.parser. f.write(magic_html_parser(body.get_content(), partfiles)) webbrowser.open(f.name) os.remove(f.name) for fn in partfiles.values(): os.remove(fn)

Of course, there are lots of email messages that could break this simple

minded program, but it will handle the most common ones.

Up to the prompt, the output from the above is:

To: Penelope Pussycat penelope@example.com, Fabrette Pussycat fabrette@example.com From: Pepé Le Pew pepe@example.com Subject: Ayons asperges pour le déjeuner

Salut!

Cela ressemble à un excellent recipie[1] déjeuner.

Footnotes

1

Thanks to Matthew Dixon Cowles for the original inspiration and examples.