Returns the floating point remainder (modulo) of the division of the arguments (original) (raw)

fmod

(PHP 4 >= 4.2.0, PHP 5, PHP 7)

fmod — Returns the floating point remainder (modulo) of the division of the arguments

Description

fmod ( float $x , float $y ) : float

Returns the floating point remainder of dividing the dividend (x) by the divisor (y). The remainder (r) is defined as: x = i * y + r, for some integer i. If y is non-zero, r has the same sign asx and a magnitude less than the magnitude ofy.

Parameters

x

The dividend

y

The divisor

Return Values

The floating point remainder of x/y

Examples

Example #1 Using fmod()

<?php $x = 5.7; <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>1.3</mn><mo separator="true">;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>x</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>:</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>w</mi><mi>w</mi><mi>w</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi><mi>w</mi><mn>3.</mn><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>1998</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>M</mi><mi>L</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>o</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>i</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>y</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>w</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>f</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>d</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>k</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>x</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>a</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>h</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.4306</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.02778</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.2778</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>=</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.2778</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>0.25</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.10764</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>f</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>m</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>o</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>d</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>x</mi><mo separator="true">,</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">y = 1.3; &lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;f&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;d&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;r = fmod(&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-html&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;height:0.4306em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.02778em;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.2778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.2778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.10764em;&quot;&gt;f&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;m&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;o&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;d&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mopen&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;x, </annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">1.3</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ka</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ka</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.02778</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" 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mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">re</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;=&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span 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mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ce</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.2778</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ba</span><span class="mord mathnormal">se</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">0.25</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.10764</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.625em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span></span></span></span>y); // $r equals 0.5, because 4 * 1.3 + 0.5 = 5.7 ?>

See Also