graphBAM and MultiGraph classes (original) (raw)
Introduction
The MultiGraph class can be used to represent graphs that share a single node set and have have one or more edge sets, each edge set representing a different type of interaction between the nodes. An edgeSet object can be described as representing the relationship between a set of from-nodes and to-nodes which can either be directed or undirected. A numeric value (weight) indicates the strength of interaction between the connected edges.
Self loops are permitted in the MultiGraph class representation (i.e. the from-node is the same as the to-node). The MultiGraph class supports the handling of arbitrary node and edge attributes. These attributes are stored separately from the edge weights to facilitate efficient edge weight computation.
We shall load the graph and RBGL packages that we will be using. We will then create a MultiGraph object and then spend some time examining some of the different functions that can be applied to MultiGraph objects.
library(graph)
library(RBGL)A simple MultiGraph example
We proceed to construct a MultiGraph object with directed edgeSets to represent the flight connections of airlines Alaska, Delta, United and American that fly between the cities Baltimore, Denver, Houston, Los Angeles, Seattle and San Francisco. For our example, the cities represent the nodes of the MultiGraph and we have one edgeSet each for the airlines. Each edgeSet represents the flight connections from an originating city(from) to the destination city(to). The weight represents the fare for flying between the from and to cities.
For each airline, we proceed to create a data.frame containing the originating city, the destination city and the fare.
ft1 <- data.frame(
from = c("SEA", "SFO", "SEA", "LAX", "SEA"),
to = c("SFO", "LAX", "LAX", "SEA", "DEN"),
weight = c( 90, 96, 124, 115, 259),
stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
ft2 <- data.frame(
from = c("SEA", "SFO", "SEA", "LAX", "SEA", "DEN", "SEA", "IAH", "DEN"),
to = c("SFO", "LAX", "LAX", "SEA", "DEN", "IAH", "IAH", "DEN", "BWI"),
weight= c(169, 65, 110, 110, 269, 256, 304, 256, 271),
stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
ft3 <- data.frame(
from = c("SEA", "SFO", "SEA", "LAX", "SEA", "DEN", "SEA", "IAH", "DEN", "BWI"),
to = c("SFO", "LAX", "LAX", "SEA", "DEN", "IAH", "IAH", "DEN", "BWI", "SFO"),
weight = c(237, 65, 156, 139, 281, 161, 282, 265, 298, 244),
stringsAsFactors = TRUE)
ft4 <- data.frame(
from = c("SEA", "SFO", "SEA", "SEA", "DEN", "SEA", "BWI"),
to = c("SFO", "LAX", "LAX", "DEN", "IAH", "IAH", "SFO"),
weight = c(237, 60, 125, 259, 265, 349, 191),
stringsAsFactors = TRUE)These data frames are then passed to MultiGraph class constructor as a named list, each member of the list being a data.frame for an airline. A logical vector passed to the directed argument of the MultiGraph constructor indicates whether the MultiGraph to be created should have directed or undirected edge sets.
esets <- list(Alaska = ft1, United = ft2, Delta = ft3, American = ft4)
mg <- MultiGraph(esets, directed = TRUE)
mg## MultiGraph with 6 nodes and 4 edge sets
## edge_set directed edge_count
## Alaska TRUE 5
## United TRUE 9
## Delta TRUE 10
## American TRUE 7The nodes (cities) of the MultiGraph object can be obtained by using the nodes method.
nodes(mg)## [1] "BWI" "DEN" "IAH" "LAX" "SEA" "SFO"To find the fares for all the flights that originate from SEA for the Delta airline, we can use the mgEdgeData method.
mgEdgeData(mg, "Delta", from = "SEA", attr = "weight")## $`SEA|DEN`
## [1] 281
##
## $`SEA|IAH`
## [1] 282
##
## $`SEA|LAX`
## [1] 156
##
## $`SEA|SFO`
## [1] 237We proceed to add some node attributes to the MultiGraph using the nodeData method. Before node attributes can be added, we have to set a default value for each node attribute using the nodeDataDefuault method. For our example, we would like to set a default value of square for the node attribute shape.
We would like to set the node attribute “shape” for Seattle to the value "triangle" and that for the cities that connect with Seattle to the value "circle".
nodeDataDefaults(mg, attr="shape") <- "square"
nodeData(mg, n = c("SEA", "DEN", "IAH", "LAX", "SFO"), attr = "shape") <-
c("triangle", "circle", "circle", "circle", "circle")The node attribute shape for cities we have not specifically assigned a value (such as BWI) gets assigned the default value of “square”.
nodeData(mg, attr = "shape")## $BWI
## [1] "square"
##
## $DEN
## [1] "circle"
##
## $IAH
## [1] "circle"
##
## $LAX
## [1] "circle"
##
## $SEA
## [1] "triangle"
##
## $SFO
## [1] "circle"We then update the edge attribute color for the Delta airline flights that connect with Seattle to “green”. For the remaining Delta flights that connect to other destination in the MultiGraph, we would like to assign a default color of “red”.
Before edge attributes can be added to the MultiGraph, their default values must be set using the mgEdgeDataDefaults method. Subsequently, the megEdgeData<- method can be used to update specific edge attributes.
mgEdgeDataDefaults(mg, "Delta", attr = "color") <- "red"
mgEdgeData(mg, "Delta", from = c("SEA", "SEA", "SEA", "SEA"),
to = c("DEN", "IAH", "LAX", "SFO"), attr = "color") <- "green"
mgEdgeData(mg, "Delta", attr = "color")## $`DEN|BWI`
## [1] "red"
##
## $`IAH|DEN`
## [1] "red"
##
## $`SEA|DEN`
## [1] "green"
##
## $`DEN|IAH`
## [1] "red"
##
## $`SEA|IAH`
## [1] "green"
##
## $`SEA|LAX`
## [1] "green"
##
## $`SFO|LAX`
## [1] "red"
##
## $`LAX|SEA`
## [1] "red"
##
## $`BWI|SFO`
## [1] "red"
##
## $`SEA|SFO`
## [1] "green"We are only interested in studying the fares for the airlines Alaska, United and Delta and hence would like to create a smaller MultiGraph object containing edge sets for only these airlines. This can be achieved using the subsetEdgeSets method.
g <- subsetEdgeSets(mg, edgeSets = c("Alaska", "United", "Delta"))We proceed to find out the lowest fares for Alaska, United and Delta along the routes common to them. To do this, we make use of the edgeSetIntersect0 method which computes the intersection of all the edgesets in a MultiGraph. While computing the intersection of edge sets, we are interesting in retaining the lowest fares in cases where different airlines flying along a route have different fares. To do this, we pass in a named list containing the weight function that calculates the minimum of the fares as the input to the edgeSetIntersect0 method. (The user has the option of specifying any function for appropriate handling of edge attributes ).
edgeFun <- list( weight = min)
gInt <- edgeSetIntersect0(g, edgeFun = edgeFun)
gInt## MultiGraph with 6 nodes and 1 edge sets
## edge_set directed edge_count
## Alaska_United_Delta TRUE 5The edge set by the edgeSetIntersect0 operation is named by concatenating the names of the edgeSets passed as input to the function.
mgEdgeData(gInt, "Alaska_United_Delta", attr= "weight")## $`SEA|DEN`
## [1] 259
##
## $`SEA|LAX`
## [1] 110
##
## $`SFO|LAX`
## [1] 65
##
## $`LAX|SEA`
## [1] 110
##
## $`SEA|SFO`
## [1] 90MultiGraph representation of mice gene interaction data. (SAGE)
The C57BL/6J and C3H/HeJ mouse strains exhibit different cardiovascular and metabolic phenotypes on the hyperlipidemic apolipoprotein \(E (Apoe)\) null background. The interaction data for the genes from adipose, brain, liver and muscle tissue samples from male and female mice were studied. This interaction data for the various genes is included in the graph package as a list of data.frames containing information for from-gene, to-gene and the strength of interaction weight for each of the tissues studied.
We proceed to load the data for male and female mice.
data("esetsFemale")
data("esetsMale")
names(esetsFemale) ## [1] "adipose" "brain" "liver" "muscle"head(esetsFemale$brain)## from to weight
## 1 10024404688 10024393150 0.853
## 2 10024406215 10024393156 0.513
## 3 10024411796 10024393163 1.000
## 4 10024415608 10024393167 0.727
## 5 10024399302 10024393196 0.342
## 6 10024399912 10024393196 0.555The esetsFemale and esetsMale objects are a named list of data frames corresponding to the data obtained from adipose, brain, liver and muscle tissues for the male and female mice that were studied. Each data frame has a from, to and a weight column corresponding to the from and to genes that were studied and weight representing the strength of interaction of the corresponding genes.
We proceed to create MultiGraph objects for the male and female data sets by making use of the MultiGraph constructor, which directly accepts a named list of data frames as the input and returns a MultiGraph with edgeSets corresponding to the names of the data frames.
female <- MultiGraph(edgeSets = esetsFemale, directed = TRUE)
male <- MultiGraph(edgeSets = esetsMale, directed = TRUE )
male ## MultiGraph with 7081 nodes and 4 edge sets
## edge_set directed edge_count
## adipose TRUE 1601
## brain TRUE 2749
## liver TRUE 3690
## muscle TRUE 3000female## MultiGraph with 7072 nodes and 4 edge sets
## edge_set directed edge_count
## adipose TRUE 2108
## brain TRUE 2789
## liver TRUE 3584
## muscle TRUE 2777We then select a particular gene of interest in this network and proceed to identify its neighboring genes connected to this gene in terms of the maximum sum of weights along the path that connects the genes for the brain edge set.
We are interested in the gene “10024416717” and the sum of the weights along the path that connects this genes to the other genes for the brain tissue. Since the algorithms in the RBGL package that we will use to find the edges that are connected to the gene “10024416717” do not work directly with MultiGraph objects, we proceed to create graphBAM objects from the male and female edge sets for the brain tissue.
MultiGraph objects can be converted to a named list of graphBAM objects using the graphBAM method.
maleBrain <- extractGraphBAM(male, "brain")[["brain"]]
maleBrain ## A graphBAM graph with directed edges
## Number of Nodes = 7081
## Number of Edges = 2749femaleBrain <- extractGraphBAM(female, "brain")[["brain"]]We then identify the genes connected to gene “10024416717” as well as the sum of the weights along the path that connect the identified genes using the function bellman.ford.sp function from the RBGL package.
maleWt <- bellman.ford.sp(maleBrain, start = c("10024416717"))$distance
maleWt <- maleWt[maleWt != Inf & maleWt !=0]
maleWt## 10024409301 10024409745
## 0.636 1.389femaleWt <- bellman.ford.sp(femaleBrain, start = c("10024416717"))$distance
femaleWt <- femaleWt[femaleWt != Inf & femaleWt != 0]
femaleWt## 10024393904 10024409503
## 0.789 0.866For the subset of genes we identified, we proceed to add node attributes to our original MultiGraph objects for the male and female data. The node “10024416717” and all its connected nodes are assigned a color attribute “red” while the rest of the nodes are assigned a color attribute of “gray”.
nodeDataDefaults(male, attr = "color") <- "gray"
nodeData(male , n = c("10024416717", names(maleWt)), attr = "color") <- c("red")
nodeDataDefaults(female, attr = "color") <- "gray"
nodeData(female, n = c("10024416717", names(femaleWt)), attr = "color" ) <- c("red")Our MultiGraph objects now contain the required node attributes for the subset of genes that we have narrowed our selection to.
For the MultiGraph objects for male and female, we are also interested in the genes that are common to both MultiGraphs. This can be calculated using the graphIntersect method.
resInt <- graphIntersect(male, female)
resInt## MultiGraph with 5699 nodes and 4 edge sets
## edge_set directed edge_count
## adipose TRUE 88
## brain TRUE 473
## liver TRUE 455
## muscle TRUE 370The operations we have dealt with so far only deal with manipulation of MultiGraph objects. Additional functions will need to be implemented for the visualization of the MultiGraph objects.