Magnetite (original) (raw)

Colour:

Greyish black or iron black

Lustre:

Metallic, Sub-Metallic

Name:

Originally called lodestone as early as 1548 and by other names. Named in 1845 by Wilhelm Karl von Haidinger for the locality at Magnesia, Greece (site for lodestone).

Jacobsite-Magnetite Series. Magnesioferrite-Magnetite Series.

Magnetite is an important iron ore, along with hematite.

It is usually easily distinguished by being strongly magnetic, with black octahedral crystals.

Nanoinclusions of magnetite crystals cause the iridescence of Rainbow obsidian (Nadin, 2007). Extremely thin layers of 200-nm octahedral crystals of magnetite give some basalt surfaces an iridescent sheen (Nadin, 2007).

May precipitate from supersaturated volcanic gas due to its cooling as shown in an experiment by Africano et al. (2002) (actually a predominant precipitate from ca. 850 down to 650oC in this particular experiment).

Long-form identifier:

mindat:1:1:2538:2

638fda79-4914-4fc0-9169-3c497a942ec8

Approved, 'Grandfathered' (first described prior to 1959)

4.BB.05

4 : OXIDES (Hydroxides, V[5,6] vanadates, arsenites, antimonites, bismuthites, sulfites, selenites, tellurites, iodates)
B : Metal: Oxygen = 3:4 and similar
B : With only medium-sized cations

7.2.2.3

7 : MULTIPLE OXIDES
2 : AB2X4

7.20.2

7 : Oxides and Hydroxides
20 : Oxides of Fe

As of 2021 there are now IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols (abbreviations) for each mineral species, useful for tables and diagrams.

Please only use the official IMA–CNMNC symbol. Older variants are listed for historical use only.

Symbol Source Reference
Mag IMA–CNMNC Warr, L.N. (2021). IMA–CNMNC approved mineral symbols. Mineralogical Magazine, 85(3), 291-320. doi:10.1180/mgm.2021.43
Mag Kretz (1983) Kretz, R. (1983) Symbols of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 68, 277–279.
Mag Siivolam & Schmid (2007) Siivolam, J. and Schmid, R. (2007) Recommendations by the IUGS Subcommission on the Systematics of Metamorphic Rocks: List of mineral abbreviations. Web-version 01.02.07. IUGS Commission on the Systematics in Petrology. download
Mag Whitney & Evans (2010) Whitney, D.L. and Evans, B.W. (2010) Abbreviations for names of rock-forming minerals. American Mineralogist, 95, 185–187 doi:10.2138/am.2010.3371
Mgt The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist (2019) The Canadian Mineralogist list of symbols for rock- and ore-forming minerals (December 30, 2019). download
Mag Warr (2020) Warr, L.N. (2020) Recommended abbreviations for the names of clay minerals and associated phases. Clay Minerals, 55, 261–264 doi:10.1180/clm.2020.30

Colour:

Greyish black or iron black

Hardness:

VHN100=681 - 792 kg/mm2 - Vickers

Parting:

On {111}, especially good. Also reported as parting planes: {001}, {011}, {138}.

Fracture:

Irregular/Uneven

Density:

5.175 g/cm3 (Measured) 5.2 g/cm3 (Calculated)

Birefringence:

Isotropic minerals have no birefringence

Reflectivity:

Wavelength R
400nm 22.3%
420nm 21.8%
440nm 21.3%
460nm 20.8%
480nm 20.5%
500nm 20.3%
520nm 20.3%
540nm 20.4%
560nm 20.5%
580nm 20.6%
600nm 20.6%
620nm 20.7%
640nm 20.8%
660nm 20.9%
680nm 21.0%
700nm 21.2%

Reflectance graph
Graph shows reflectance levels at different wavelengths (in nm). Top of box is 100%. Peak reflectance is 22.3%.

Colour in reflected light:

Grey with brownish tint

Internal Reflections:

None

Pleochroism:

Non-pleochroic

Comments:

Twin lamellae and zonal growth pattern exhibited in polished section by magnetite at times.

Mindat Formula:

Fe2+Fe3+2O4

Common Impurities:

Mg,Zn,Mn,Ni,Cr,Ti,V,Al

Class (H-M):

m_3_m _(_4/_m_32/m ) - Hexoctahedral

Cell Parameters:

a = 8.396 Å

Unit Cell V:

591.86 ų (Calculated from Unit Cell)

Morphology:

Crystals usually octahedral, sometimes dodecahedral, striated on {011} parallel [011]; less frequently with modifying {001} or {hhl}. Cubic (Balmat, NY), rare. Skeletonized microcrystals found in igneous rocks. Massive, granular, coarse to fine.

Twinning:

Common on {111}, with the same face as the composition face. Twins flattened parallel to {111} (common spinel law twins), or as lamellar twins, producing striae on {111}. Twin gliding, with K1{111}, K2{111}.

Crystal Atlas:

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ID Species Reference Link Year Locality Pressure (GPa) Temp (K)
0000945 Magnetite Wechsler B A, Lindsley D H, Prewitt C T (1984) Crystal structure and cation distribution in titanomagnetites (Fe3-xTixO4) American Mineralogist 69 754-770 1984 synthetic 0 293
0002400 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 0 293
0002401 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 1.4 293
0002402 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 2.3 293
0002403 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 3.4 293
0002404 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 6.6 293
0002405 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 8.3 293
0002406 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 11.3 293
0002407 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 12.5 293
0002408 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 13.5 293
0002409 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 15.7 293
0002410 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 17.5 293
0002411 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 19.4 293
0002412 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 21.8 293
0002413 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 24.2 293
0002414 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 26.9 293
0002415 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 30.3 293
0002416 Magnetite Haavik C, Stolen S, Fjellvag H, Hanfland M, Hausermann D (2000) Equation of state of magnetite and its high-pressure modification: Thermodynamics of the Fe-O system at high pressure Sample at 40 GPa, CaTi2O4 structure type American Mineralogist 85 514-523 2000 0 293
0002762 Magnetite Fjellvag H, Hauback B C, Vogt T, Stolen S (2002) Monoclinic nearly stoichiometric wustite at low temperatures American Mineralogist 87 347-349 2002 0 10
0002763 Magnetite Fjellvag H, Hauback B C, Vogt T, Stolen S (2002) Monoclinic nearly stoichiometric wustite at low temperatures American Mineralogist 87 347-349 2002 0 8
0004815 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0004816 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0004817 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0004818 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0004819 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0004820 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0004821 Magnetite Bosi F, Halenius U, Skogby H (2009) Crystal chemistry of the magnetite-ulvospinel series American Mineralogist 94 181-189 2009 synthetic 0 293
0005178 Magnetite Stout M Z, Bayliss P (1980) Crystal structure of two ferrian ulvospinels from British Columbia The Canadian Mineralogist 18 339-341 1980 Aiyansh basalt lava flow, Nass River valley, British Columbia, Canada 0 293
0005179 Magnetite Stout M Z, Bayliss P (1980) Crystal structure of two ferrian ulvospinels from British Columbia The Canadian Mineralogist 18 339-341 1980 Itcha Mountain hawaiite lava flow, central British Columbia, Canada 0 293
0007394 Magnetite Finger L W, Hazen R M, Hofmeister A M (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of spinel (MgAl2O4) and magnetite (Fe3O4): comparisons with silicate spinels Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 215-220 1986 0.0001 293
0007395 Magnetite Finger L W, Hazen R M, Hofmeister A M (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of spinel (MgAl2O4) and magnetite (Fe3O4): comparisons with silicate spinels Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 215-220 1986 1.3 293
0007396 Magnetite Finger L W, Hazen R M, Hofmeister A M (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of spinel (MgAl2O4) and magnetite (Fe3O4): comparisons with silicate spinels Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 215-220 1986 2.6 293
0007397 Magnetite Finger L W, Hazen R M, Hofmeister A M (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of spinel (MgAl2O4) and magnetite (Fe3O4): comparisons with silicate spinels Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 215-220 1986 3.9 293
0007398 Magnetite Finger L W, Hazen R M, Hofmeister A M (1986) High-pressure crystal chemistry of spinel (MgAl2O4) and magnetite (Fe3O4): comparisons with silicate spinels Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 215-220 1986 4.5 293
0007418 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 0.0001 293
0007419 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 0.63 293
0007420 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 1.55 293
0007421 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 2.09 293
0007422 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 2.76 293
0007423 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 3.67 293
0007424 Magnetite Nakagiri N, Manghnani M H, Ming L C, Kimura S (1986) Crystal structure of magnetite under pressure Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 13 238-244 1986 4.44 293
0007766 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007771 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007776 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007781 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007824 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007829 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007834 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0007847 Magnetite O'Neill H St C, Dollase W A (1994) Crystal structures and cation distributions in simple spinels from powder XRD structural refinements: MgCr2O4, ZnCr2O4, Fe3O4 and the temperature dependence of the cation distribution in ZnAl2O4 Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 20 541-555 1994 0 293
0009109 Magnetite Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 627-635 2007 synthetic 0.0001 293
0009110 Magnetite Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 627-635 2007 synthetic 4.99 293
0009111 Magnetite Gatta G D, Kantor I, Ballaran T B, Dubrovinsky L, McCammon C (2007) Effect of non-hydrostatic conditions on the elastic behaviour of magnetite: an in situ single-crystal X-ray diffraction study Physics and Chemistry of Minerals 34 627-635 2007 synthetic 9.21 293
0009740 Magnetite Fleet M E (1981) The structure of magnetite Acta Crystallographica B37 917-920 1981 0 293
0009994 Magnetite Fleet M E (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe3.005O4 and Fe2.96Mg0.04O4 Acta Crystallographica C40 1491-1493 1984 0 293
0009995 Magnetite Fleet M E (1984) The structure of magnetite: two annealed natural magnetites, Fe3.005O4 and Fe2.96Mg0.04O4 Acta Crystallographica C40 1491-1493 1984 0 293
0017295 Magnetite Montoro V (1938) Miscibilita fra gli ossidi salini di ferro e di manganese _cod_database_code 1010369 Gazzetta Chimica Italiana 68 728-733 1938 0 293
0020586 Magnetite Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: Symmetry of cubic spinels Journal of Solid State Chemistry 62 75-82 1986 Natural, not provided 0 293
0020587 Magnetite Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: Symmetry of cubic spinels Journal of Solid State Chemistry 62 75-82 1986 Natural, not provided 0 293
0020588 Magnetite Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: Symmetry of cubic spinels Journal of Solid State Chemistry 62 75-82 1986 Natural, not provided 0 293
0020589 Magnetite Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: Symmetry of cubic spinels Journal of Solid State Chemistry 62 75-82 1986 Natural, not provided 0 293
0020590 Magnetite Fleet M E (1986) The structure of magnetite: Symmetry of cubic spinels Journal of Solid State Chemistry 62 75-82 1986 Natural, not provided 0 293
0013895 Magnetite Fjellvag H, Gronvold F, Stolen S, Hauback B C (1996) On the crystallographic and magnetic structures of nearly stoichiometric iron monoxide Journal of Solid State Chemistry 124 52-57 1996 synthetic 0 293
0013896 Magnetite Fjellvag H, Gronvold F, Stolen S, Hauback B C (1996) On the crystallographic and magnetic structures of nearly stoichiometric iron monoxide Journal of Solid State Chemistry 124 52-57 1996 synthetic 0 293
0017938 Magnetite Bragg W (1915) The Structure of Magnetite and the Spinels _cod_database_code 1011032 Nature (London) 95 561-561 1915 0 293
0017981 Magnetite Claassen A (1926) The scattering power of oxygen and iron for X-Rays _cod_database_code 1011084 Proceedings of the Physical Society of London 38 482-487 1926 0 293

CIF Raw Data - click here to close

Epitaxy Comments:

Hematite overgrowths on, and inclusions in, magnetite; ilmenite inclusions, rutile overgrowths, chlorite group overgrowths, pyrophanite inclusions; magnetite on hematite; inclusions in muscovite; inclusions in hematite; inclusions in ilmenite; magnetite overgrowths on olivine.

Pseudobrookite on magnetite with pseudobrookite {100}[001] parallel to magnetite {111}[110].

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Radiation - Copper Kα

Data Set:

Data courtesy of RRUFF project at University of Arizona, used with permission.

Powder Diffraction Data:

d-spacing Intensity
4.852 Å (8)
2.967 Å (30)
2.532 Å (100)
2.4243 Å (8)
2.0993 Å (20)
1.7146 Å (10)
1.6158 Å (30)
1.4845 Å (40)
1.4192 Å (2)
1.3277 Å (4)
1.2807 Å (10)
1.2659 Å (4)
1.2119 Å (2)
1.1221 Å (4)
1.0930 Å (12)
1.0496 Å (6)
0.9896 Å (2)
0.9695 Å (6)
0.9632 Å (4)
0.9388 Å (4)
0.8952 Å (2)
0.8802 Å (6)
0.8569 Å (8)
0.8233 Å (4)
0.8117 Å (6)

Geological Setting:

Common igneous accessory mineral. In sedimentary banded iron formations.

Simplified Chinese:磁铁矿

Traditional Chinese:磁鐵礦

Other Members of this group:

Associated Minerals Based on Photo Data:

Thermal Behaviour:

Before the blowpipe, fusible with great difficulty. In an oxidizing flame, loses its magnetic properties.

Health Risks:

No information on health risks for this material has been entered into the database. You should always treat mineral specimens with care.

Industrial Uses:

Ore of iron.

An essential component of rock names highlighted in red, an accessory component in rock names highlighted in green.

Reference List:

Kuiper, P., Searle, B.G., Duda, L.-C., Wolf, R.M., van der Zaag, P.J. (1997) Fe L2,3 linear and circular magnetic dichroism of Fe3O4. Journal of Electron Spectroscopy and Related Phenomena: 86: 107-113.

Chen, J., Huang, D.J., Tanaka, A., Chang, C.F., Chung, S.C., Wu, W.B., Chen, C.T. (2004) Magnetic circular dichroism in Fe 2p resonant photoemission of magnetite. Physical Review B: 69: 085107-1-085107-8.

Huang, D.J., Chang, C.F., Jeng, H.-T., Guo, G.Y., Lin, H.-J., W, W.B., Ku, H.C., Fujimori, A., Takahashi, Y., Chen, C.T. (2004) Spin and orbital magnetic moments of Fe3O4. Physical Review Letters: 93: 077204/1-4.

Pearce, C.I., Henderson, C.M.B., Pattrick, R.A.D., van der Laan, G., Vaughan, D.J. (2006) Direct determination of cation site occupancies in natural ferrite spinels by L 2,3 X-ray absorption spectroscopy and X-ray magnetic circular dichroism. American Mineralogist: 91: 880-893.

Showing 20 significant localities out of 20,185 recorded on mindat.org.

This map shows a selection of localities that have latitude and longitude coordinates recorded. Click on the symbol to view information about a locality. The symbol next to localities in the list can be used to jump to that position on the map.