PHP: is_resource - Manual (original) (raw)

(PHP 4, PHP 5, PHP 7, PHP 8)

is_resource — Finds whether a variable is a resource

Description

Parameters

value

The variable being evaluated.

Examples

Example #1 is_resource() example

`<?php

$handle

= fopen("php://stdout", "w");
if (is_resource($handle)) {
echo '$handle is a resource';
}?>`

The above example will output:

Notes

Note:

is_resource() is not a strict type-checking method: it will return [false](reserved.constants.php#constant.false) if value is a resource variable that has been closed.

Found A Problem?

Anonymous

8 years ago

Note that is_resource() is unreliable. It considers closed resources as false:

<?php

$a = fopen('http://www.google.com', 'r');
var_dump(is_resource($a)); var_dump(is_scalar($a));
//bool(true)
//bool(false)

fclose($a);
var_dump(is_resource($a)); var_dump(is_scalar($a));
//bool(false)
//bool(false)

?>

That's the reason why some other people here have been confused and devised some complex (bad) "solutions" to detect resources...

There's a much better solution... In fact, I just showed it above, but here it is again with a more complete example:

<?php

$a = fopen('http://www.google.com', 'r');
var_dump(is_resource($a)); var_dump(is_scalar($a)); var_dump(is_object($a)); var_dump(is_array($a)); var_dump(is_null($a));
//bool(true)
//bool(false)
//bool(false)
//bool(false)
//bool(false)

?>

So how do you check if something is a resource?

Like this!

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mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>b</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>1</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>v</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>0.25</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>i</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>b</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>t</mi><mn>2</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.1514</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>p</mi><mo>:</mo><mo>−</mo><mn>2.55</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>f</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.05</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>2.7</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>z</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>z</mi><mi>e</mi><mn>6</mn><mi>s</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>z</mi><mi>e</mi><mn>3</mn><mi>m</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.02778</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>s</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mtext>​</mtext><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>r</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>v</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>y</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>i</mi><mi>g</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>t</mi><mo>:</mo><mn>0.15</mn><mi>e</mi><mi>m</mi><mo separator="true">;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>o</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>u</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>d</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>t</mi><mi>h</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>l</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>r</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>l</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>s</mi><mo>=</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mi>m</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>n</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">&quot;</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mo>&lt;</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>p</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi><mo>&gt;</mo><mi>a</mi><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">∣</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">a = fopen(&#x27;http://www.google.com&#x27;, &#x27;r&#x27;); &lt;span class=&quot;katex&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-mathml&quot;&gt;&lt;math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot;&gt;&lt;semantics&gt;&lt;mrow&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;R&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo&gt;=&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;mi&gt;i&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;/msub&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;s&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;o&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;u&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;r&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;c&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mi&gt;e&lt;/mi&gt;&lt;mo stretchy=&quot;false&quot;&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;&lt;/mrow&gt;&lt;annotation encoding=&quot;application/x-tex&quot;&gt;isResource = is_resource(&lt;/annotation&gt;&lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;katex-html&quot; aria-hidden=&quot;true&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;height:0.6833em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.00773em;&quot;&gt;R&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;eso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;rce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.2778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mrel&quot;&gt;=&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mspace&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.2778em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;base&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;strut&quot; style=&quot;height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;i&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;s&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;msupsub&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-t vlist-t2&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;height:0.1514em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;pstrut&quot; style=&quot;height:2.7em;&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal mtight&quot; style=&quot;margin-right:0.02778em;&quot;&gt;r&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-s&quot;&gt;​&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist-r&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;vlist&quot; style=&quot;height:0.15em;&quot;&gt;&lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;eso&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;u&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mord mathnormal&quot;&gt;rce&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mopen&quot;&gt;(&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;a) || (</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0019em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mopen"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ttp</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0019em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">//</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02691em;">www</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">oo</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord">.</span><span class="mord mathnormal">co</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct"><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.7519em;"><span style="top:-3.063em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">′</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" 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mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">mi</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" 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style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.6833</span><span class="mord 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style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span 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class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ce</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.2778</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord 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style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.2778</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span 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class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">1</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">er</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">0.25</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6986em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">hn</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">or</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.5782em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">b</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">2&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7778em;vertical-align:-0.0833em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7335em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">v</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.1514</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mord">2.55</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.10764em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.854em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0.05</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">y</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">:</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">2.7</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mpunct">;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord">/</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ss</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.04398em;">z</span><span class="mord mathnormal">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">rese</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord">6</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ze</span><span class="mord">3</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.03588em;">g</span><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord">&quot;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">&gt;&lt;</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8889em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal">p</span><span class="mord mathnormal">an</span><span class="mord mathnormal">c</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord 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var_dump(is_resource($a));
//bool(false)
 <span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>i</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>R</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>=</mo><mi>i</mi><msub><mi>s</mi><mi>r</mi></msub><mi>e</mi><mi>s</mi><mi>o</mi><mi>u</mi><mi>r</mi><mi>c</mi><mi>e</mi><mo stretchy="false">(</mo></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">isResource = is_resource(</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.00773em;">R</span><span class="mord mathnormal">eso</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">rce</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.1514em;"><span style="top:-2.55em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right:0.02778em;">r</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.15em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">eso</span><span class="mord mathnormal">u</span><span class="mord mathnormal">rce</span><span class="mopen">(</span></span></span></span>a) || ($a !== null && !is_scalar($a) && !is_array($a) && !is_object($a));
var_dump($isResource);
//bool(true)

?>

How it works:

- An active resource is a resource, so check that first for efficiency.
- Then branch to check what the variable is NOT:
- A resource is never NULL. (We do that check via `!== null` for efficiency).
- A resource is never Scalar (int, float, string, bool).
- A resource is never an array.
- A resource is never an object.
- Only one variable type remains if all of the above checks succeeded: IF it's NOT any of the above, then it's a closed resource!

Just surfed by and saw the bad and hacky methods other people had left, and wanted to help out with this proper technique. Good luck, everyone!

PS: The core problem is that is_resource() does a "loose" check for "living resource". I wish that it had a $strict parameter for "any resource" instead of these user-workarounds being necessary.

btleffler [AT] gmail [DOT] com

14 years ago

I was recently trying to loop through some objects and convert them to arrays so that I could encode them to json strings.

I was running into issues when an element of one of my objects was a SoapClient. As it turns out, json_encode() doesn't like any resources to be passed to it. My simple fix was to use is_resource() to determine whether or not the variable I was looking at was a resource.

I quickly realized that is_resource() returns false for two out of the 3 resources that are typically in a SoapClient object. If the resource type is 'Unknown' according to var_dump() and get_resource_type(), is_resource() doesn't think that the variable is a resource!

My work around for this was to use get_resource_type() instead of is_resource(), but that function throws an error if the variable you're checking isn't a resource.

So how are you supposed to know when a variable is a resource if is_resource() is unreliable, and get_resource_type() gives errors if you don't pass it a resource?

I ended up doing something like this:

<?php

function isResource ($possibleResource) { return !is_null(@get_resource_type($possibleResource)); }

?>

The @ operator suppresses the errors thrown by get_resource_type() so it returns null if $possibleResource isn't a resource.

I spent way too long trying to figure this stuff out, so I hope this comment helps someone out if they run into the same problem I did.

CertaiN

11 years ago

Try this to know behavior:

<?php
function resource_test($resource, $name) {
    echo 
        '[' . $name. ']',
        PHP_EOL,
        '(bool)$resource => ',
        $resource ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE',
        PHP_EOL,
        'get_resource_type($resource) => ',
        get_resource_type($resource) ?: 'FALSE',
        PHP_EOL,
        'is_resource($resource) => ',
        is_resource($resource) ? 'TRUE' : 'FALSE',
        PHP_EOL,
        PHP_EOL
    ;
}
 
$resource = tmpfile();
resource_test($resource, 'Check Valid Resource');
 
fclose($resource);
resource_test($resource, 'Check Released Resource');
 
$resource = null;
resource_test($resource, 'Check NULL');
?>

It will be shown as...

[Check Valid Resource]
(bool)$resource => TRUE
get_resource_type($resource) => stream
is_resource($resource) => TRUE

[Check Released Resource]
(bool)$resource => TRUE
get_resource_type($resource) => Unknown
is_resource($resource) => FALSE

[Check NULL]
(bool)$resource => FALSE
get_resource_type($resource) => FALSE
Warning:  get_resource_type() expects parameter 1 to be resource, null given in ... on line 10
is_resource($resource) => FALSE