| dbo:abstract |
في مايو 1940، خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، انقسمت حكومة الحرب البريطانية حول مسألة التفاوض مع ألمانيا النازية أو مواصلة العمليات الحربية. كان أطراف الخلاف الأبرز هم رئيس الوزراء، ونستون تشرشل ووزير الخارجية فيكونت هاليفاكس، إدوارد وود. تفاقم الخلاف ووصل مرحلة حرجة وهدد استمرارية حكومة تشرشل. انسحبت قوة الاستطلاع البريطانية إلى دونكيرك وأصبح سقوط فرنسا وشيكًا، فرأى هاليفاكس أنه يتعين على الحكومة البحث في إمكانية التوصل إلى تسوية سلمية تفاوضية. كان أمله أن يتوسط حليف هتلر، الديكتاتور الإيطالي موسوليني الذي ما يزال محايدًا، للتوصل إلى اتفاق. في 27 مايو، نوقشت مذكرة تقترح هذا الأمر في مجلس الوزراء الحربي، إلا أن تشرشل عارضها وحث زملائه على مواصلة القتال دون إقامة مفاوضات. حظي هاليفاكس في مجلس الوزراء الحربي على تأييد عضوين من حزب العمال، كليمنت أتلي وآرثر غرينوود، بالإضافة إلى وزير خارجية الطيران، السير أرشيبالد سنكلير، الذي وقع الاختيار عليه زعيمًا للحزب الليبرالي في مجلس الوزراء الحربي خلال اجتماعاته حول المفاوضات المقترحة. تمثلت أبرز مشاكل تشرشل بأنه لم يكن زعيم حزب المحافظين وكان بحاجة إلى كسب دعم رئيس الوزراء السابق نيفيل تشامبرلين، فلولاه، كان من الممكن أن ترغمه الأغلبية المحافظة الكبيرة في مجلس العموم على الاستقالة. في 28 مايو، تمكن تشرشل من التفوق على هاليفاكس عندما دعا حكومة خارجيته المكونة من 25 عضوًا إلى الاجتماع، حيث حصل على تأييد قراره بمواصلة القتال بالإجماع. على الرغم من تأثر هاليفاكس بعدم حصوله على دعم تشامبرلين، تقبل رفض اقتراحه. أجمع المؤرخون على أن تأييد تشامبرلين النهائي لتشرشل كان نقطة تحول حاسمة في الحرب. (ar) In May 1940, during the Second World War, the British war cabinet was split on the question of whether to make terms with Nazi Germany or to continue hostilities. The main protagonists were the prime minister, Winston Churchill, and the foreign secretary, Viscount Halifax. The dispute escalated to crisis point and threatened the continuity of the Churchill government. With the British Expeditionary Force in retreat to Dunkirk and the fall of France seemingly imminent, Halifax believed that the government should explore the possibility of a negotiated peace settlement. His hope was that Hitler's ally, the still-neutral Italian dictator Mussolini, would broker an agreement. When a memorandum proposing this approach was discussed at the War Cabinet on 27 May, Churchill opposed it and urged his colleagues to fight on without negotiations. He was supported in the war cabinet by its two Labour Party members, Clement Attlee and Arthur Greenwood, and also by the Secretary of State for Air, Sir Archibald Sinclair, who as leader of the Liberal Party was co-opted to the war cabinet for its meetings about the proposed negotiations. Churchill's biggest problem was that he was not the leader of the Conservative Party and he needed to win the support of ex-Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain, without which he could have been forced to resign by the large Conservative majority in the House of Commons. On 28 May, Churchill outmanoeuvred Halifax by calling a meeting of his 25-member outer cabinet, at which his resolve to fight on was unanimously supported. Halifax then accepted the rejection of his proposal, though he may have been more influenced by the loss of Chamberlain's support. There is a consensus among historians that Chamberlain's eventual support for Churchill was a critical turning point in the war. (en) 1940年英国内阁危机（英語：May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis）指随着1940年5月23日张伯伦下台后3天内，新上台担任英国首相的温斯顿·丘吉尔与党内元老张伯伦以及时任外交及聯邦事務大臣哈利法克斯三人间进行的政治角力。主和派人物哈利法克斯认为，基于纳粹德国攻势下法國的迅速败退、大量英军被包围在敦刻尔克等现实考量，英国应当透过当时处于中立的意大利领导人贝尼托·墨索里尼以寻求与阿道夫·希特勒进行和谈的机会。经过两日的博弈与争斗后，丘吉尔在28日召开25名成员组成的会议，以激情的演讲鼓舞人民为国家付出奉献乃至鲜血，使得到场成员一致同意不惜一切代价抗击纳粹势力。 (zh) |
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https://www.historyextra.com/period/second-world-war/the-may-1940-war-cabinet-crisis-churchills-darkest-hour/ https://www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11157482/The-day-Churchill-saved-Britain-from-the-Nazis.html https://web.archive.org/web/20141013214317/http:/www.telegraph.co.uk/history/world-war-two/11157482/The-day-Churchill-saved-Britain-from-the-Nazis.html |
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1940年英国内阁危机（英語：May 1940 War Cabinet Crisis）指随着1940年5月23日张伯伦下台后3天内，新上台担任英国首相的温斯顿·丘吉尔与党内元老张伯伦以及时任外交及聯邦事務大臣哈利法克斯三人间进行的政治角力。主和派人物哈利法克斯认为，基于纳粹德国攻势下法國的迅速败退、大量英军被包围在敦刻尔克等现实考量，英国应当透过当时处于中立的意大利领导人贝尼托·墨索里尼以寻求与阿道夫·希特勒进行和谈的机会。经过两日的博弈与争斗后，丘吉尔在28日召开25名成员组成的会议，以激情的演讲鼓舞人民为国家付出奉献乃至鲜血，使得到场成员一致同意不惜一切代价抗击纳粹势力。 (zh) في مايو 1940، خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية، انقسمت حكومة الحرب البريطانية حول مسألة التفاوض مع ألمانيا النازية أو مواصلة العمليات الحربية. كان أطراف الخلاف الأبرز هم رئيس الوزراء، ونستون تشرشل ووزير الخارجية فيكونت هاليفاكس، إدوارد وود. تفاقم الخلاف ووصل مرحلة حرجة وهدد استمرارية حكومة تشرشل. (ar) In May 1940, during the Second World War, the British war cabinet was split on the question of whether to make terms with Nazi Germany or to continue hostilities. The main protagonists were the prime minister, Winston Churchill, and the foreign secretary, Viscount Halifax. The dispute escalated to crisis point and threatened the continuity of the Churchill government. (en) |
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أزمة حكومة الحرب البريطانية عام 1940 (ar) 1940 British war cabinet crisis (en) 1940年英国内阁危机 (zh) |
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