Adaptationism (original) (raw)
En biologia, s'anomena adaptacionisme a la perspectiva que considera que la majoria dels trets dels éssers vius són adaptacions òptimes. Entre els seus defensors més destacats hi ha , William Donald Hamilton i Richard Dawkins; entre els seus crítics, Stephen Jay Gould i Richard Lewontin.
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| dbo:abstract | En biologia, s'anomena adaptacionisme a la perspectiva que considera que la majoria dels trets dels éssers vius són adaptacions òptimes. Entre els seus defensors més destacats hi ha , William Donald Hamilton i Richard Dawkins; entre els seus crítics, Stephen Jay Gould i Richard Lewontin. (ca) Adaptationism (also known as functionalism) is the Darwinian view that many physical and psychological traits of organisms are evolved adaptations. Pan-adaptationism is the strong form of this, deriving from the early 20th century modern synthesis, that all traits are adaptations, a view now shared by only a few biologists. The "adaptationist program" was heavily criticized by Stephen Jay Gould and Richard Lewontin in their 1979 paper "The Spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian Paradigm". According to Gould and Lewontin, evolutionary biologists had a habit of proposing adaptive explanations for any trait by default without considering non-adaptive alternatives, and often by conflating products of adaptation with the process of natural selection. One formal alternative to adaptationist explanations for traits in organisms is the neutral theory of molecular evolution, which proposes that features in organisms can arise through neutral transitions and become fixed in a population by chance (genetic drift). Constructive neutral evolution (CNE) is another paradigm which proposes a means by which complex systems emerge through neutral transitions, and CNE has been used to help understand the origins of a wide variety of features from the spliceosome of eukaryotes to the interdependency and simplification widespread in microbial communities. For many, neutral evolution is seen as the null hypothesis when attempting to explain the origins of a complex trait, so that adaptive scenarios for the origins of traits undergo a more rigorous demonstration prior to their acceptance. (en) En biología, el adaptacionismo es la perspectiva que considera que la mayoría de rasgos son adaptaciones óptimas alcanzadas por selección natural. Entre sus defensores más célebres se encuentran John Maynard Smith, W.D. Hamilton, Richard Dawkins y Daniel Dennett. El adaptacionismo ha sido criticado por autores como Stephen Jay Gould y Richard Lewontin. Stephen J. Gould resume el "programa adaptacionista" en los siguientes argumentos: * La adaptación es el fenómeno central de la evolución, y la clave para la comprensión de sus mecanismos. * La selección natural construye la adaptación. * La selección natural mantiene una abrumadoramente predominante frecuencia relativa como causa de la adaptación. La variación sólo proporciona materia prima y no puede hacer el trabajo sin ayuda. Gould 2002/2004 (es) Biologian, adaptazionismoa ezaugarri gehienak hautespen naturalaren bidez eskuratu diren adaptazio optimoak direla esaten duen ikusmoldea da. , , Richard Dawkins eta bezalako biologilariek pentsamendu honi eutsi diote. Aurkako aldetik, Stephen Jay Gouldek edo eta adaptazionismoaren kritika egin dute. (eu) L'adaptationnisme est une vision de la biologie de l'évolution qui insiste sur le fait que les traits des espèces vivantes sont principalement le résultat d'une adaptation aux pressions de sélection. Les visions opposées à ce programme issu du néodarwinisme sont le (en) (rôle des contraintes morphologiques souligné par les travaux de l'école de « constructionmorphologie » d'Adolf Seilacher, préadaptations versus exaptations) et le neutralisme (rôle de la dérive génétique). La perfection de l'adaptation des décors des pendentifs de la basilique Saint-Marc de Venise à leur configuration architecturale sert en 1978 d'argument par l'absurde à Stephen J. Gould et Richard C. Lewontin pour critiquer l'école de pensée adaptationniste, qui prévaut à cette époque en biologie de l'évolution : ces pendentifs n'existent pas en fonction des images qu'ils supportent mais répondent à une contrainte architecturale. (fr) Adaptacjonizm – pogląd w ramach ewolucjonizmu, przyjmujący, że wszelkie cechy fenotypowe organizmów mają charakter adaptacji i powstały w drodze doboru naturalnego. (pl) Adaptacionismo é um conjunto de métodos nas ciências evolutivas que tentam distinguir entre os produtos de adaptação de caracteres que surgem através de outros processos. É empregue em áreas como a etologia e psicologia evolutiva que estão preocupados com a identificação de adaptações. O livro de George Williams, foi altamente influente no seu desenvolvimento, definindo algumas das heurísticas, como a concepção funcional complexa, utilizada para identificar as adaptações. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | En biologia, s'anomena adaptacionisme a la perspectiva que considera que la majoria dels trets dels éssers vius són adaptacions òptimes. Entre els seus defensors més destacats hi ha , William Donald Hamilton i Richard Dawkins; entre els seus crítics, Stephen Jay Gould i Richard Lewontin. (ca) Biologian, adaptazionismoa ezaugarri gehienak hautespen naturalaren bidez eskuratu diren adaptazio optimoak direla esaten duen ikusmoldea da. , , Richard Dawkins eta bezalako biologilariek pentsamendu honi eutsi diote. Aurkako aldetik, Stephen Jay Gouldek edo eta adaptazionismoaren kritika egin dute. (eu) Adaptacjonizm – pogląd w ramach ewolucjonizmu, przyjmujący, że wszelkie cechy fenotypowe organizmów mają charakter adaptacji i powstały w drodze doboru naturalnego. (pl) Adaptacionismo é um conjunto de métodos nas ciências evolutivas que tentam distinguir entre os produtos de adaptação de caracteres que surgem através de outros processos. É empregue em áreas como a etologia e psicologia evolutiva que estão preocupados com a identificação de adaptações. O livro de George Williams, foi altamente influente no seu desenvolvimento, definindo algumas das heurísticas, como a concepção funcional complexa, utilizada para identificar as adaptações. (pt) Adaptationism (also known as functionalism) is the Darwinian view that many physical and psychological traits of organisms are evolved adaptations. Pan-adaptationism is the strong form of this, deriving from the early 20th century modern synthesis, that all traits are adaptations, a view now shared by only a few biologists. (en) En biología, el adaptacionismo es la perspectiva que considera que la mayoría de rasgos son adaptaciones óptimas alcanzadas por selección natural. Entre sus defensores más célebres se encuentran John Maynard Smith, W.D. Hamilton, Richard Dawkins y Daniel Dennett. El adaptacionismo ha sido criticado por autores como Stephen Jay Gould y Richard Lewontin. Stephen J. Gould resume el "programa adaptacionista" en los siguientes argumentos: (es) L'adaptationnisme est une vision de la biologie de l'évolution qui insiste sur le fait que les traits des espèces vivantes sont principalement le résultat d'une adaptation aux pressions de sélection. Les visions opposées à ce programme issu du néodarwinisme sont le (en) (rôle des contraintes morphologiques souligné par les travaux de l'école de « constructionmorphologie » d'Adolf Seilacher, préadaptations versus exaptations) et le neutralisme (rôle de la dérive génétique). (fr) |
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