BIOS interrupt call (original) (raw)

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BIOS interrupt calls are a facility that operating systems and application programs use to invoke the facilities of the Basic Input/Output System software on IBM PC compatible computers. Traditionally, BIOS calls are mainly used by DOS programs and some other software such as boot loaders (including, mostly historically, relatively simple application software that boots directly and runs without an operating system—especially game software). BIOS runs in the real address mode (Real Mode) of the x86 CPU, so programs that call BIOS either must also run in real mode or must switch from protected mode to real mode before calling BIOS and then switching back again. For this reason, modern operating systems that use the CPU in Protected mode or Long mode generally do not use the BIOS interrupt calls to support system functions, although they use the BIOS interrupt calls to probe and initialize hardware during booting. Real mode has the 1MB memory limitation, modern boot loaders (e.g. GRUB2, Windows Boot Manager) use the unreal mode or protected mode (and execute the BIOS interrupt calls in the Virtual 8086 mode, but only for OS booting) to access up to 4GB memory. In all computers, software instructions control the physical hardware (screen, disk, keyboard, etc.) from the moment the power is switched on. In a PC, the BIOS, pre-loaded in ROM on the motherboard, takes control immediately after the CPU is reset, including during power-up, when a hardware reset button is pressed, or when a critical software failure (a triple fault) causes the mainboard circuitry to automatically trigger a hardware reset. The BIOS tests the hardware and initializes its state; finds, loads, and runs the boot program (usually, an OS boot loader, and historical ROM BASIC); and provides basic hardware control to the software running on the machine, which is usually an operating system (with application programs) but may be a directly booting single software application. For IBM's part, they provided all the information needed to use their BIOS fully or to directly utilize the hardware and avoid BIOS completely, when programming the early IBM PC models (prior to the PS/2). From the beginning, programmers had the choice of using BIOS or not, on a per-hardware-peripheral basis. IBM did strongly encourage the authorship of "well-behaved" programs that accessed hardware only through BIOS INT calls (and DOS service calls), to support compatibility of software with current and future PC models having dissimilar peripheral hardware, but IBM understood that for some software developers and hardware customers, a capability for user software to directly control the hardware was a requirement. In part, this was because a significant subset of all the hardware features and functions was not exposed by the BIOS services. For two examples (among many), the MDA and CGA adapters are capable of hardware scrolling, and the PC serial adapter is capable of interrupt-driven data transfer, but the IBM BIOS supports neither of these useful technical features. Today, the BIOS in a new PC still supports most, if not all, of the BIOS interrupt function calls defined by IBM for the IBM AT (introduced in 1984), along with many more newer ones, plus extensions to some of the originals (e.g. expanded parameter ranges) promulgated by various other organizations and collaborative industry groups. This, combined with a similar degree of hardware compatibility, means that most programs written for an IBM AT can still run correctly on a new PC today, assuming that the faster speed of execution is acceptable (which it typically is for all but games that use CPU-based timing). Despite the considerable limitations of the services accessed through the BIOS interrupts, they have proven extremely useful and durable to technological change. (en)
Las llamadas de interrupción del BIOS (Basic Input Output System) son una facilidad soportada por el BIOS que los programas DOS, u otro tipo de programas como cargadores de arranque, así como sistemas operativos usan para acceder al hardware más básico de un computador PC Compatible (arquitectura x86). Algunos sistemas operativos también usan el BIOS para probar e inicializar recursos de hardware durante las primeras etapas del arranque. Estas llamadas pueden verse como parte de la funcionalidad de un sistema operativo implementada en memoria no volátil por el propio fabricante del computador. Los sistemas operativos de PC primitivos se apoyaban en estas llamadas para realizar parte de sus operaciones de entrada/salida. Sin embargo, estas llamadas están implementadas en modo real, mientras que muchos sistemas operativos ya funcionan en Modo Protegido. Tales sistemas operativos han de cambiar a modo real antes de realizar la llamada de interrupción y regresar a modo Protegido después. Linux y las versiones recientes de sistemas Windows ya no aprovechan estas llamadas e implementan enteramente todo el acceso al hardware en rutinas propias. Este artículo trata específicamente sobre las llamadas de función de los BIOS usados en los computadores compatibles con el IBM PC, es decir, los computadores de la arquitectura x86. (es)
바이오스 인터럽트 호출(영어: BIOS interrupt call)은 도스용 프로그램과, 부트 로더와 같은 일부 기타 소프트웨어가 IBM PC 호환기종의 컴퓨터에 위치한 바이오스의 기능을 불러내는데 이용하는 방식이다. 일부 운영 체제 또한 초기 시동 단계에서 바이오스를 이용하여 하드웨어 자원을 탐지하고 초기화할 수 있다. (ko)
BIOS割込みルーチンとは、コンピュータ本体に組み込みで用意されたソフトウエアの一種である。 BIOSプログラムの一部で、機械語の割込み命令(INT、TRAP、RST など)によって呼び出す、ハードウエアを直接扱うためのサービスルーチンが用意される。主にコンピュータを起動した際のオペレーティングシステムを初期化・準備する段階で利用される。 (ja)
BIOS中断调用（英語：BIOS interrupt calls）是一組功能，为DOS程式與一些软件提供使用IBM PC兼容机上BIOS的功能。許多現代作業系統（如Windows、Linux）的啟動程式會使用BIOS中斷呼叫載入內核，然後由內核將處理器從16位元真實模式轉換到32位元保護模式（或64位元長模式）。 (zh)

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바이오스 인터럽트 호출(영어: BIOS interrupt call)은 도스용 프로그램과, 부트 로더와 같은 일부 기타 소프트웨어가 IBM PC 호환기종의 컴퓨터에 위치한 바이오스의 기능을 불러내는데 이용하는 방식이다. 일부 운영 체제 또한 초기 시동 단계에서 바이오스를 이용하여 하드웨어 자원을 탐지하고 초기화할 수 있다. (ko)
BIOS割込みルーチンとは、コンピュータ本体に組み込みで用意されたソフトウエアの一種である。 BIOSプログラムの一部で、機械語の割込み命令(INT、TRAP、RST など)によって呼び出す、ハードウエアを直接扱うためのサービスルーチンが用意される。主にコンピュータを起動した際のオペレーティングシステムを初期化・準備する段階で利用される。 (ja)
BIOS中断调用（英語：BIOS interrupt calls）是一組功能，为DOS程式與一些软件提供使用IBM PC兼容机上BIOS的功能。許多現代作業系統（如Windows、Linux）的啟動程式會使用BIOS中斷呼叫載入內核，然後由內核將處理器從16位元真實模式轉換到32位元保護模式（或64位元長模式）。 (zh)
BIOS interrupt calls are a facility that operating systems and application programs use to invoke the facilities of the Basic Input/Output System software on IBM PC compatible computers. Traditionally, BIOS calls are mainly used by DOS programs and some other software such as boot loaders (including, mostly historically, relatively simple application software that boots directly and runs without an operating system—especially game software). BIOS runs in the real address mode (Real Mode) of the x86 CPU, so programs that call BIOS either must also run in real mode or must switch from protected mode to real mode before calling BIOS and then switching back again. For this reason, modern operating systems that use the CPU in Protected mode or Long mode generally do not use the BIOS interrupt c (en)
Las llamadas de interrupción del BIOS (Basic Input Output System) son una facilidad soportada por el BIOS que los programas DOS, u otro tipo de programas como cargadores de arranque, así como sistemas operativos usan para acceder al hardware más básico de un computador PC Compatible (arquitectura x86). Algunos sistemas operativos también usan el BIOS para probar e inicializar recursos de hardware durante las primeras etapas del arranque. Estas llamadas pueden verse como parte de la funcionalidad de un sistema operativo implementada en memoria no volátil por el propio fabricante del computador. (es)

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