Battle of Caltavuturo (original) (raw)
A Batalha de Caltavuturo foi travada em 881 ou 882 entre o Império Bizantino e o Emirado Aglábida de Ifríquia, durante a conquista muçulmana da Sicília. Foi uma grande vitória bizantina, embora não podia reverter a conquista dos muçulmanos.
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| dbo:abstract | The Battle of Caltavuturo was fought in 881 or 882 between the Byzantine Empire and the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya, during the Muslim conquest of Sicily. It was a major Byzantine victory, although it could not reverse the Muslim conquest of Sicily. In 880, a succession of naval successes under the admiral Nasar allowed the Byzantine emperor Basil I the Macedonian to envisage a counter-offensive against the Aghlabids in southern Italy and Sicily. In Sicily, however, the Aghlabids still held the upper hand: in spring 881, the Aghlabid governor al-Hasan ibn al-Abbas raided the remaining Byzantine territories and in the process defeated the local commander, , near Taormina. In the next year, however, AH 268 (881/2 CE), according to the Ibn al-Athir (The Complete History, VII.370.5–7), the Byzantines had their revanche, defeating an Aghlabid army under Abu Thawr so completely that reportedly only seven men survived. The victorious Byzantine commander is identified by modern historians with , who is known to have served in the area in the early 880s. According to the hagiography of the Patriarch of Constantinople Ignatios, the general invoked the patriarch during the battle, and he appeared on a white horse in the air before him, advising him to launch his attack towards the right. Mosilikes followed the advice, and won. The battle gave its name to the locality: the 12th-century geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi records the Qalʿat Abī Thawr ("Castle of Abū Ṯhawr"), which is the origin of the modern name Caltavuturo. Over the next years, the Muslims launched several raids against Catania, Taormina, and "the king's city" (possibly Polizzi) in 883, against Rometta and Catania in 884, and again against Catania and Taormina in 885. These expeditions were successful in so far as they yielded sufficient booty or tribute to pay the army, but failed to capture any Byzantine strongholds. (en) A Batalha de Caltavuturo foi travada em 881 ou 882 entre o Império Bizantino e o Emirado Aglábida de Ifríquia, durante a conquista muçulmana da Sicília. Foi uma grande vitória bizantina, embora não podia reverter a conquista dos muçulmanos. (pt) 卡尔塔武图罗战役是发生于881或882年拜占庭帝国与阿格拉布王朝之间的战役，该战役是拜占庭帝国的一次重大胜利，尽管它并未逆转穆斯林对西西里的征服。 880年，在海军将领（Nasar）领导下取得的一系列胜利使得拜占庭皇帝巴西尔一世（Basil I）得以设想在南意大利及西西里对阿格拉布王朝展开反攻。但在西西里岛，阿格拉布王朝仍然占据上风：881年春，阿格拉布总督及将领（Al-Hasan ibn al-Abbas）突袭了拜占庭在西西里的剩余领土，在此过程中于陶尔米纳附近打败了拜占庭在当地的指挥官（Barsakios）。 然而在次年，伊斯兰历268年（公元881-882年），根据12世纪阿拉伯史学家伊本·艾西尔（Ali ibn al-Athir）的《历史大全》记载（第七卷，第370页），拜占庭人进行了复仇，彻底摧毁了（Abu Thawr）领导的阿格拉布王朝军队，据记载只有7人在战役中幸存。获得胜利的拜占庭将领被现代历史学家确认为（Mosilikes），他在880年代早期曾在该地区服役。根据君士坦丁堡普世牧首（St. Ignatius）的圣徒传记，将领在战斗中召唤牧首，他便乘着一匹白马浮空出现在他面前，建议他朝向右侧发动进攻。莫西里克遵从了这一建议并获得了胜利。这场战役成为了当地地名的来源：12世纪地理学家穆罕默德·伊德里西（Muhammad al-Idrisi）记载道“Qalʿat Abī Thawr”（意为“阿布·萨乌尔的城堡”），这成为了这座城市现代名称的起源，最终演变为卡尔塔武图罗（Caltavuturo）。 接下来的几年中，穆斯林对拜占庭在西西里的领地接连发动了几次突袭：883年对卡塔尼亚、陶尔米纳以及“国王之城”（可能是波利齐杰内罗萨）；884年对罗梅塔和卡塔尼亚；885年对卡塔尼亚和陶尔米纳。这些远征是成功的，因他们获得了足够多的的战利品或贡品来支付军队，但并未占领任何拜占庭在当地的要塞。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | A Batalha de Caltavuturo foi travada em 881 ou 882 entre o Império Bizantino e o Emirado Aglábida de Ifríquia, durante a conquista muçulmana da Sicília. Foi uma grande vitória bizantina, embora não podia reverter a conquista dos muçulmanos. (pt) The Battle of Caltavuturo was fought in 881 or 882 between the Byzantine Empire and the Aghlabid emirate of Ifriqiya, during the Muslim conquest of Sicily. It was a major Byzantine victory, although it could not reverse the Muslim conquest of Sicily. (en) 卡尔塔武图罗战役是发生于881或882年拜占庭帝国与阿格拉布王朝之间的战役，该战役是拜占庭帝国的一次重大胜利，尽管它并未逆转穆斯林对西西里的征服。 880年，在海军将领（Nasar）领导下取得的一系列胜利使得拜占庭皇帝巴西尔一世（Basil I）得以设想在南意大利及西西里对阿格拉布王朝展开反攻。但在西西里岛，阿格拉布王朝仍然占据上风：881年春，阿格拉布总督及将领（Al-Hasan ibn al-Abbas）突袭了拜占庭在西西里的剩余领土，在此过程中于陶尔米纳附近打败了拜占庭在当地的指挥官（Barsakios）。 接下来的几年中，穆斯林对拜占庭在西西里的领地接连发动了几次突袭：883年对卡塔尼亚、陶尔米纳以及“国王之城”（可能是波利齐杰内罗萨）；884年对罗梅塔和卡塔尼亚；885年对卡塔尼亚和陶尔米纳。这些远征是成功的，因他们获得了足够多的的战利品或贡品来支付军队，但并未占领任何拜占庭在当地的要塞。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Battle of Caltavuturo (en) Batalha de Caltavulturo (pt) 卡尔塔武图罗战役 (zh) |
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