Battle of the Basque Roads (original) (raw)
La batalla de la isla de Aix (también llamada Incidente de los brulotes y batalla de las Rutas Vascas) fue una batalla naval librada entre británicos y franceses entre el 11 y 12 de abril de 1809 en la embocadura del río Charente, al sur de la Francia. Esta batalla se encuadra dentro de las operaciones militares de la Quinta Coalición. En la noche del 11 de abril de 1809, el capitán Thomas Cochrane dirigió un ataque contra una poderosa escuadra de navíos franceses anclados entre las islas de Oleron y Aix.
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dbo:abstract | The Battle of the Basque Roads, also known as the Battle of Aix Roads (French: Bataille de l'île d'Aix, also Affaire des brûlots, rarely Bataille de la rade des Basques), was a major naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the narrow Basque Roads at the mouth of the Charente River on the Biscay coast of France. The battle, which lasted from 11–24 April 1809, was unusual in that it pitted a hastily-assembled squadron of small and unorthodox British Royal Navy warships against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet, the circumstances dictated by the cramped, shallow coastal waters in which the battle was fought. The battle is also notorious for its controversial political aftermath in both Britain and France. In February 1809 the French Atlantic Fleet, blockaded in Brest on the Breton coast by the British Channel Fleet, attempted to break out into the Atlantic and reinforce the garrison of Martinique. Sighted and chased by British blockade squadrons, the French were unable to escape the Bay of Biscay and eventually anchored in the Basque Roads, near the naval base of Rochefort. There they were kept under observation during March by the British fleet under the dour Admiral Lord Gambier. The Admiralty, desiring an attack on the French fleet, ordered Lord Cochrane, an outspoken and popular junior captain, to lead an attack, over the objections of a number of senior officers. Cochrane organised an inshore squadron of fireships and bomb vessels, including a converted frigate, and personally led this force into Basque Roads on the evening of 11 April. The attack caused little direct damage, but in the narrow waters of the channel the fireships panicked the sailors of the French fleet and most of their ships grounded and were left immobile. Cochrane expected Gambier to follow his attack with the main fleet, which could then destroy the vulnerable French force, but Gambier refused. Cochrane continued the battle over the next several days, successfully destroying several French ships, but with little support from Gambier. This allowed most of the French fleet to refloat and retreat up the Charente to safety. Gambier recalled Cochrane on 14 April and sent him back to Britain, withdrawing most of the inshore squadron at the same time, although scattered fighting continued until 24 April. The increasingly marginalised French fleet was badly damaged and trapped in its home ports; several captains were court-martialed for cowardice and one was shot. In Britain the battle was celebrated as a victory, but many in the Navy were dissatisfied with Gambier's behaviour and Cochrane used his position as a Member of Parliament to publicly protest Gambier's leadership. Incensed, Gambier requested a court-martial to disprove Cochrane's accusations and the admiral's political allies ensured that the jury was composed of his supporters. After bitter and argumentative proceedings Gambier was exonerated of any culpability for failings during the battle. Cochrane's naval career was ruined, although the irrepressible officer remained a prominent figure in Britain for decades to come. Historians have almost unanimously condemned Gambier for his failure to support Cochrane; even Napoleon opined that he was an "imbécile". (en) Die Schlacht an der Baskischen Reede, vom 11. bis 24. April 1809 war eine Seeschlacht während des fünften Koalitionskrieges zwischen der britischen Kanalflotte und der französischen Atlantikflotte. Im Februar 1809 versuchte die französische Atlantikflotte, die in Brest von der britischen Kanalflotte blockiert wurde, in den Atlantik vorzudringen und die Garnison von Martinique zu verstärken. Die Franzosen, die von britischen Blockadegeschwadern gesichtet und verfolgt wurden, konnten dem Golf von Biskaya nicht entkommen und ankerten schließlich in der Baskischen Reede in der Nähe des Marinestützpunkts Rochefort. Dort wurden sie im März von der britischen Flotte unter Admiral Gambier in Schach gehalten und observiert. Die Admiralität, die einen Angriff auf die französische Flotte wünschte, beauftragte Thomas Cochrane, mit der Leitung eines Angriffs. Cochrane organisierte ein Küstengeschwader aus Brandschiffen und Bombarden und führte dieses Geschwader am Abend des 11. April persönlich in die Reede. Der Angriff richtete wenig direkten Schaden an, aber in den engen Gewässern des Kanals versetzten die Brander die Matrosen der französischen Flotte in Panik, so dass die meisten ihrer Schiffe auf Grund liefen. Cochrane erwartete, dass Gambier seinen Angriff mit der Hauptflotte fortsetzen würde, die dann die verwundbare französische Flotte vernichten könnte, doch Gambier weigerte sich. Cochrane setzte die Schlacht in den nächsten Tagen fort und zerstörte erfolgreich mehrere französische Schiffe, ohne dass Gambier ihn dabei unterstützte. So konnte der größte Teil der französischen Flotte wieder flott gemacht werden und sich die Charente hinauf in Sicherheit bringen. Gambier rief Cochrane am 14. April zurück und schickte ihn nach Großbritannien. Gleichzeitig zog er den größten Teil des Küstengeschwaders ab. In Großbritannien wurde die Schlacht als Sieg gefeiert. Aber viele in der Marine waren mit Gambiers Verhalten unzufrieden und Cochrane nutzte seine Position als Parlamentsabgeordneter, um öffentlich gegen Gambiers Führung zu protestieren. Verärgert beantragte Gambier ein Kriegsgericht, um Cochranes Anschuldigungen zu widerlegen. Nach einem achtägen Verfahren wurde Gambier von jeglicher Schuld an den Versäumnissen während der Schlacht freigesprochen. (de) La batalla de la isla de Aix (también llamada Incidente de los brulotes y batalla de las Rutas Vascas) fue una batalla naval librada entre británicos y franceses entre el 11 y 12 de abril de 1809 en la embocadura del río Charente, al sur de la Francia. Esta batalla se encuadra dentro de las operaciones militares de la Quinta Coalición. En la noche del 11 de abril de 1809, el capitán Thomas Cochrane dirigió un ataque contra una poderosa escuadra de navíos franceses anclados entre las islas de Oleron y Aix. (es) La bataille de l'île d'Aix, également appelée « affaire des brûlots » et plus rarement bataille de la rade des Basques (traduction de anglais : Basque Roads) est une bataille navale, entre les Britanniques et les Français, qui eut lieu les 11 et 12 avril 1809, dans le cadre de la Cinquième Coalition. (fr) Bitwa morska pod Basque Roads (bitwa morska przy wyspie Aix) – bitwa morska stoczona 11 i 12 kwietnia 1809 r. nieopodal wyspy Aix na obszarze kotwicowiska zwanego Basque Roads, pomiędzy flotą angielską a flotą francuską.W lutym 1809 r. trzy floty francuskie wypłynęły z Brestu, Lorientu i Rochefort w celu zaatakowania Karaibów. Eskadrę z Lorientu rozbili Anglicy, co spowodowało panikę wśród pozostałych eskadr i ich schronienie się na kotwicowisku Basque Roads przy wyspie Aix. Otoczenie sprzyjało Francuzom. Na wyspie Aix, a także na pobliskiej wyspie Madame, znajdowały się forty, które zapewniały wsparcie ogniowe dla floty. Kotwicowisko było usiane mieliznami, Francuzi dodatkowo zablokowali ujście Charente dwoma zaporami z zakotwiczonych, powiązanych bali. Niedługo później kotwicowisko zablokowała flota angielska pod dowództwem adm. , do którego niebawem dołączyła flota Thomasa Cochrane’a. Atak angielski rozpoczął się 11 kwietnia. Najpierw skierowano dwa okręty wyładowane materiałami wybuchowymi na zapory, a po ich zniszczeniu wysłane zostało 20 branderów. Obserwując zaistniałą sytuację Francuzi przecięli cumy i zaczęli się w nieładzie wycofywać. Skutkiem tego kolejne francuskie okręty zaczęły osiadać na mieliznach, tak że o świcie 12 kwietnia zdolne do walki były jedynie dwa francuskie okręty liniowe (Foudroyant i Cassard) i jedna fregata. Okręty Cochrane’a zaatakowały i zdobyły 2 okręty francuskie (Calcutta i Aquilon), 3 kolejne francuskie okręty (Ville de Varsovie, Tonnerre i Robuste) uległy spaleniu. Pozostałe jednostki francuskie skorzystały z przypływu i wycofały się w głąb ujścia Charente. Anglicy zaniechali za nimi pościgu z obawy przed powieleniem błędu Francuzów.Po bitwie, francuski kapitan Jean Baptiste Lafon, dowódca zdobytego przez Anglików okrętu Calcutta, został uznany winnym tchórzostwa i rozstrzelany. (pl) Бой на Баскском рейде (англ. Battle of the Basque Roads, фр. Bataille de l'île d'Aix) — бой периода Наполеоновских войн между французской эскадрой адмирала Захарии Альмана и британской адмирала Джеймса Гамбье, произошедший в Бискайском заливе вблизи Иль-д'Экс и устья Шаранты. Основная тяжесть боя с английской стороны пришлась на отряд Томаса Кокрейна. (ru) |
dbo:causalties | 43 killed and wounded |
dbo:combatant | France United Kingdom |
dbo:commander | dbr:Thomas_Cochrane,_10th_Earl_of_Dundonald dbr:Zacharie_Allemand dbr:James_Gambier,_1st_Baron_Gambier |
dbo:date | 1809-04-24 (xsd:date) |
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dbo:result | British victory |
dbo:strength | 1 schooner 11 ships of the line 7 frigates 2 bomb vessels 2 cutters 3 rocket barges (OOB) 4 brig-sloops 4 frigates (OOB) 6 brigs |
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dbp:caption | Destruction of the French Fleet in Basque Roads, Thomas Whitcombe (en) |
dbp:casualties | 1 (xsd:integer) 4 (xsd:integer) 43 (xsd:integer) 200 (xsd:integer) |
dbp:combatant | France (en) United Kingdom (en) |
dbp:commander | Thomas Cochrane (en) Zacharie Allemand (en) James Gambier (en) |
dbp:conflict | Battle of the Basque Roads (en) |
dbp:date | 0001-04-24 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
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dbp:partof | the Napoleonic Wars (en) |
dbp:place | Roads of Île-d'Aix, Atlantic Ocean (en) |
dbp:result | British victory (en) |
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rdfs:comment | La batalla de la isla de Aix (también llamada Incidente de los brulotes y batalla de las Rutas Vascas) fue una batalla naval librada entre británicos y franceses entre el 11 y 12 de abril de 1809 en la embocadura del río Charente, al sur de la Francia. Esta batalla se encuadra dentro de las operaciones militares de la Quinta Coalición. En la noche del 11 de abril de 1809, el capitán Thomas Cochrane dirigió un ataque contra una poderosa escuadra de navíos franceses anclados entre las islas de Oleron y Aix. (es) La bataille de l'île d'Aix, également appelée « affaire des brûlots » et plus rarement bataille de la rade des Basques (traduction de anglais : Basque Roads) est une bataille navale, entre les Britanniques et les Français, qui eut lieu les 11 et 12 avril 1809, dans le cadre de la Cinquième Coalition. (fr) Бой на Баскском рейде (англ. Battle of the Basque Roads, фр. Bataille de l'île d'Aix) — бой периода Наполеоновских войн между французской эскадрой адмирала Захарии Альмана и британской адмирала Джеймса Гамбье, произошедший в Бискайском заливе вблизи Иль-д'Экс и устья Шаранты. Основная тяжесть боя с английской стороны пришлась на отряд Томаса Кокрейна. (ru) Die Schlacht an der Baskischen Reede, vom 11. bis 24. April 1809 war eine Seeschlacht während des fünften Koalitionskrieges zwischen der britischen Kanalflotte und der französischen Atlantikflotte. Im Februar 1809 versuchte die französische Atlantikflotte, die in Brest von der britischen Kanalflotte blockiert wurde, in den Atlantik vorzudringen und die Garnison von Martinique zu verstärken. Die Franzosen, die von britischen Blockadegeschwadern gesichtet und verfolgt wurden, konnten dem Golf von Biskaya nicht entkommen und ankerten schließlich in der Baskischen Reede in der Nähe des Marinestützpunkts Rochefort. Dort wurden sie im März von der britischen Flotte unter Admiral Gambier in Schach gehalten und observiert. Die Admiralität, die einen Angriff auf die französische Flotte wünschte, be (de) The Battle of the Basque Roads, also known as the Battle of Aix Roads (French: Bataille de l'île d'Aix, also Affaire des brûlots, rarely Bataille de la rade des Basques), was a major naval battle of the Napoleonic Wars, fought in the narrow Basque Roads at the mouth of the Charente River on the Biscay coast of France. The battle, which lasted from 11–24 April 1809, was unusual in that it pitted a hastily-assembled squadron of small and unorthodox British Royal Navy warships against the main strength of the French Atlantic Fleet, the circumstances dictated by the cramped, shallow coastal waters in which the battle was fought. The battle is also notorious for its controversial political aftermath in both Britain and France. (en) Bitwa morska pod Basque Roads (bitwa morska przy wyspie Aix) – bitwa morska stoczona 11 i 12 kwietnia 1809 r. nieopodal wyspy Aix na obszarze kotwicowiska zwanego Basque Roads, pomiędzy flotą angielską a flotą francuską.W lutym 1809 r. trzy floty francuskie wypłynęły z Brestu, Lorientu i Rochefort w celu zaatakowania Karaibów. Eskadrę z Lorientu rozbili Anglicy, co spowodowało panikę wśród pozostałych eskadr i ich schronienie się na kotwicowisku Basque Roads przy wyspie Aix. Otoczenie sprzyjało Francuzom. Na wyspie Aix, a także na pobliskiej wyspie Madame, znajdowały się forty, które zapewniały wsparcie ogniowe dla floty. Kotwicowisko było usiane mieliznami, Francuzi dodatkowo zablokowali ujście Charente dwoma zaporami z zakotwiczonych, powiązanych bali. Niedługo później kotwicowisko zablo (pl) |
rdfs:label | Battle of the Basque Roads (en) Schlacht an der Baskischen Reede (de) Batalla de la isla de Aix (es) Bataille de l'île d'Aix (fr) Bitwa morska pod Basque Roads (pl) Бой на Баскском рейде (ru) |
rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Order_of_battle_at_the_Battle_of_the_Basque_Roads dbr:Lord_Gambier dbr:Court-martial_of_James |
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foaf:name | Battle of the Basque Roads (en) |
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