Atlantic campaign of 1806 (original) (raw)
The Atlantic campaign of 1806 was a complicated series of manoeuvres and counter-manoeuvres conducted by squadrons of the French Navy and the British Royal Navy across the Atlantic Ocean during the spring and summer of 1806, as part of the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign followed directly from the Trafalgar campaign of the year before, in which the French Mediterranean fleet had crossed the Atlantic, returned to Europe and joined with the Spanish fleet. On 21 October 1805, this combined force was destroyed by a British fleet under Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, although the campaign did not end until the Battle of Cape Ortegal on 4 November 1805. Believing that the French Navy would not be capable of organised resistance at sea during the winter, the First Lord of the Admiralty Lord
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| dbo:abstract | The Atlantic campaign of 1806 was a complicated series of manoeuvres and counter-manoeuvres conducted by squadrons of the French Navy and the British Royal Navy across the Atlantic Ocean during the spring and summer of 1806, as part of the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign followed directly from the Trafalgar campaign of the year before, in which the French Mediterranean fleet had crossed the Atlantic, returned to Europe and joined with the Spanish fleet. On 21 October 1805, this combined force was destroyed by a British fleet under Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, although the campaign did not end until the Battle of Cape Ortegal on 4 November 1805. Believing that the French Navy would not be capable of organised resistance at sea during the winter, the First Lord of the Admiralty Lord Barham withdrew the British blockade squadrons to harbour. Barham had miscalculated – the French Atlantic fleet, based at Brest, had not been involved in the Trafalgar campaign and was therefore at full strength. Taking advantage of the reduction in the British forces off the port, Napoleon ordered two heavy squadrons to sea, under instructions to raid British trade routes while avoiding contact with equivalent Royal Navy forces. Departing from Brest on 13 December 1805, it was 12 days before the Admiralty in London were aware of the French movements, by which time the French squadrons were deep in the Atlantic, one under Vice-Admiral Corentin-Urbain Leissègues intending to cruise in the Caribbean and the other, under Contre-Admiral Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, sailing for the South Atlantic. Two British squadrons were hastily mustered and dispatched in pursuit, one under the command of Rear-Admiral Sir Richard Strachan and the other under Rear-Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren. These squadrons were joined by a third under Rear-Admiral Sir John Thomas Duckworth, who had deserted his station off Cadiz when he learned news of a French squadron to his south and subsequently crossed the Atlantic in pursuit of Willaumez. Although Willaumez managed to escape into the South Atlantic, Leissègues was less successful and was discovered and destroyed at the Battle of San Domingo in February 1806 by a combined force under Duckworth and Rear-Admiral Alexander Cochrane. Other squadrons already at sea became embroiled in the campaign: a smaller squadron that had been raiding the African coast under Commodore Jean-Marthe-Adrien L'Hermite since August 1805 provided a diversion to the major campaign but failed to draw off significant British forces, while the remnants of a French squadron under Contre-Admiral Charles-Alexandre Durand Linois that had been operating in the Indian Ocean since 1803 was intercepted and defeated by Warren in March, after a chance encounter on its journey back to France. Willaumez achieved minor success in his operations in the South Atlantic and Caribbean, but was caught in a summer hurricane on his return journey and his ships were scattered along the Eastern Seaboard of North America. One was intercepted and destroyed by British forces and others were so badly damaged in the storm that they were forced to shelter in American ports. The survivors gradually returned to Brest during the autumn, the last arriving in early 1807. The campaign was the last significant operation in the Atlantic for the remainder of the war, and no French squadron of any size left any of the Biscay ports until 1808. The losses suffered by the Brest fleet weakened it so severely that it would not participate in a major operation until 1809, when an attempt to break out of Brest ended in defeat at the Battle of Basque Roads. (en) La campagna dell'Atlantico del 1806 fu una complicata serie di manovre e contromanovre condotte dagli squadroni della Marina francese e della Royal Navy inglese nell'Oceano Atlantico nel corso della primavera e dell'estate del 1806, come parte delle guerre napoleoniche. La campagna fece seguito direttamente a quella di Trafalgar dell'anno precedente, nella quale la flotta francese del Mediterraneo si era portata nell'Atlantico, tornando in Europa poi per congiungersi con quella spagnola. Il 21 ottobre 1805, queste forze combinate vennero distrutte da Lord Nelson nella battaglia di Trafalgar, sebbene la campagna non poté considerarsi terminata sino alla battaglia di Cabo Ortegal del 4 novembre 1805. Credendo che la marina francese non fosse in grado di organizzare una resistenza in mare durante l'inverno, il primo lord dell'ammiragliato, Lord Barham ritirò gli squadroni inglesi. Barham commise però un errore in quanto la flotta francese dell'Atlantico, di base a Brest, non era stata coinvolta nella campagna di Trafalgar e si presentava ora pronta all'uso. Cogliendo l'occasione della riduzione delle navi inglesi nel porto, Napoleone ordinò a due pesanti squadroni di prendere la via del mare e distruggere le navi inglesi che avessero incontrato per impedire raduni futuri della Royal Navy. Partite le navi da Brest il 13 dicembre 1805, l'ammiragliato a Londra ne venne avvisato solo 12 giorni dopo, quando ormai gli squadroni francesi si trovavano già nel bel mezzo dell'Atlantico, uno al comando del viceammiraglio Corentin-Urbain Leissègues diretto ai Caraibi e l'altro, al comando del contrammiraglio Jean-Baptiste Willaumez, diretto verso l'Atlantico meridionale. Due squadroni inglesi vennero impegnati nell'inseguimento, uno al comando del contrammiraglio Sir Richard Strachan e l'altro sotto il contrammiraglio Sir John Borlase Warren. Questi squadroni vennero raggiunti da un terzo al comando del contrammiraglio Sir John Thomas Duckworth, provenuto di corsa dalla stazione di Cadice quando seppe dell'aiuto di cui necessitavano i suoi compagni per inseguire Willaumez. Anche se Willaumez riuscì a sfuggire nell'Atlantico meridionale, Leissègues ebbe meno fortuna e venne scoperto ed il suo squadrone decimato nella Battaglia di Santo Domingo del febbraio del 1806 dalle forze combinate al comando di Duckworth e del contrammiraglio Alexander Cochrane. Altri squadroni già per mare rimasero coinvolti nella campagna: un piccolo squadrone stava razziando la costa africana al comando del commodoro Jean-Marthe-Adrien L'Hermite dall'agosto del 1805 e prese parte alla campagna e riuscì ad avere un ruolo rilevante nella campagna, mentre il resto delle forze francesi comandate dal contrammiraglio Charles-Alexandre Durand Linois stavano operando nell'Oceano Indiano dal 1803, ma vennero intercettate e sconfitte da Warren nel marzo di quello stesso anno. Willaumez raggiunse solo successi minori nelle sue operazioni nell'Atlantico meridionale e nei Caraibi, ma venne coinvolto in un tremendo uragano nel viaggio di ritorno e molte delle sue navi si arenarono sulla costa orientale del Nord America. Una di queste venne intercettata e poi distrutta dalle forze inglesi ed altre rimasero così malamente danneggiate che dovettero essere vendute come rottami ai porti americani. Le navi scampate al pericolo gradualmente tornarono a Brest nel corso dell'autunno e sino ai primi mesi del 1807 ancora. La campagna fu l'ultima operazione significativa condotta nell'Atlantico nel corso della guerra in quanto nessuno squadrone di qualsivoglia natura lasciò più il Golfo di Biscaglia sino al 1808. Le perdite subite dalla flotta di Brest indebolirono a tal punto la marina che molti non volerono partecipare a delle operazioni sino al 1809, quando il tentativo di rompere il blocco di Brest si concluse nella sconfitta della . (it) |
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| dbp:commander | John Warren (en) Richard Strachan (en) John Duckworth (en) Corentin Leissègues (en) Jean Willaumez (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Atlantic campaign of 1806 (en) |
| dbp:date | December 1805 – September 1806 (en) |
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| dbp:partof | the Napoleonic Wars (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | The Atlantic campaign of 1806 was a complicated series of manoeuvres and counter-manoeuvres conducted by squadrons of the French Navy and the British Royal Navy across the Atlantic Ocean during the spring and summer of 1806, as part of the Napoleonic Wars. The campaign followed directly from the Trafalgar campaign of the year before, in which the French Mediterranean fleet had crossed the Atlantic, returned to Europe and joined with the Spanish fleet. On 21 October 1805, this combined force was destroyed by a British fleet under Lord Nelson at the Battle of Trafalgar, although the campaign did not end until the Battle of Cape Ortegal on 4 November 1805. Believing that the French Navy would not be capable of organised resistance at sea during the winter, the First Lord of the Admiralty Lord (en) La campagna dell'Atlantico del 1806 fu una complicata serie di manovre e contromanovre condotte dagli squadroni della Marina francese e della Royal Navy inglese nell'Oceano Atlantico nel corso della primavera e dell'estate del 1806, come parte delle guerre napoleoniche. La campagna fece seguito direttamente a quella di Trafalgar dell'anno precedente, nella quale la flotta francese del Mediterraneo si era portata nell'Atlantico, tornando in Europa poi per congiungersi con quella spagnola. Il 21 ottobre 1805, queste forze combinate vennero distrutte da Lord Nelson nella battaglia di Trafalgar, sebbene la campagna non poté considerarsi terminata sino alla battaglia di Cabo Ortegal del 4 novembre 1805. Credendo che la marina francese non fosse in grado di organizzare una resistenza in mare dur (it) |
| rdfs:label | Atlantic campaign of 1806 (en) Campagna dell'Atlantico del 1806 (it) |
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| foaf:name | Atlantic campaign of 1806 (en) |
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