Benjamin Keene (original) (raw)
- Sir Benjamin Keene (1697–1757) was a British diplomat, who was British Ambassador to Spain from 1729 to 1739, then again from 1748 until his death in Madrid in December 1757. He has been described as "by far the most prominent British agent in Anglo-Spanish relations of the 18th century". First appointed Consul General to Spain in 1724, he became Ambassador five years later, when he negotiated the 1729 Treaty of Seville ending the 1727 to 1729 Anglo-Spanish War. He later agreed the 1739 Convention of Pardo resolving trade and boundary issues in the Caribbean, but political opposition in England meant it was never ratified, leading to the 1739 to 1748 War of Jenkins' Ear. On returning to England, he was elected Member of Parliament from 1740 to 1741 for Maldon, then for West Looe until 1747. He was appointed to the Board of Trade in 1741 and made Paymaster of Pensions in 1745; he found political life less interesting than diplomacy and in 1745 transferred to Lisbon as Ambassador to Portugal. Following the 1748 Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle, he returned to Madrid where his influence kept Spain neutral when the Seven Years' War began in 1756. His importance was such that he was kept in post until his death in December 1757, despite several requests he be allowed to retire due to ill-health. Although his successor lacked the same influence, Spain did not join the war against Britain until 1762, a major factor in British victory. (en)
- Sir Benjamin Keene (ur. 1697 w King’s Lynn, zm. 1757 w Madrycie) – brytyjski dyplomata, dwukrotny (1729-1739 i 1748-1757) ambasador brytyjski w Madrycie. Podczas pierwszej misji realizował pokojową politykę zagraniczną jaką zalecał premier brytyjski Robert Walpole. Jego pierwsza misję dyplomatyczna przerwała wojna o ucho Jenkinsa (1739), która z czasem przerodziła się w część większego konfliktu znanego jako wojna o sukcesję austriacką (1741-1748). Zaraz po jej zakończeniu Keene wrócił do Madrytu dalej pełnić swą misję. Można więc powiedzieć, że był on ambasadorem przez 28 lat, co stanowi jeden z rekordów XVIII stulecia pod tym względem. Keene wywierał znaczny wpływ na politykę zagraniczną królestwa Hiszpanii. Za jego min. wpływem doszedł do władzy w Hiszpanii Ricardo Wall, zaś wojowniczy i antybrytyjski Zenón de Somodevilla y Bengoechea, markiz Ensenada musiał odejść z urzędów. W ostatnich latach proponował Hiszpanii wspólny brytyjsko-hiszpański sojusz przeciwko Francji, za co Hiszpania miała odzyskać Gibraltar jednak przez ostatnie dwa lata (1762-1763) wojny siedmioletniej toczonej w latach 1756-1763 Hiszpania przyszła Francji z pomocą, co pokrzyżowało wieloletnie wysiłki Keene'a, lecz można przypuszczać, że gdyby nie brytyjskie embargo handlowe wobec Hiszpanów, pozostaliby oni przynajmniej neutralni. Keene był wielkim znawcą i miłośnikiem hiszpańskiego teatru i muzyki. (pl)
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- https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/18765/1/18765.pdf
- https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1715-1754/member/keene-benjamin-1697-1757
- https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1754-1790/member/keene-benjamin-1753-1837
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- Sir Benjamin Keene (1697–1757) was a British diplomat, who was British Ambassador to Spain from 1729 to 1739, then again from 1748 until his death in Madrid in December 1757. He has been described as "by far the most prominent British agent in Anglo-Spanish relations of the 18th century". (en)
- Sir Benjamin Keene (ur. 1697 w King’s Lynn, zm. 1757 w Madrycie) – brytyjski dyplomata, dwukrotny (1729-1739 i 1748-1757) ambasador brytyjski w Madrycie. Podczas pierwszej misji realizował pokojową politykę zagraniczną jaką zalecał premier brytyjski Robert Walpole. Jego pierwsza misję dyplomatyczna przerwała wojna o ucho Jenkinsa (1739), która z czasem przerodziła się w część większego konfliktu znanego jako wojna o sukcesję austriacką (1741-1748). Zaraz po jej zakończeniu Keene wrócił do Madrytu dalej pełnić swą misję. Można więc powiedzieć, że był on ambasadorem przez 28 lat, co stanowi jeden z rekordów XVIII stulecia pod tym względem. (pl)
- Benjamin Keene (en)
- Benjamin Keene (pl)
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