Bergmann Offensive (original) (raw)
هجوم بيرخمان (بالتركية: Bergmann Atağı) أو عملية كوبروكوي (بالروسية: Кёприкейская операция) هو هجوم عسكري شنه قائد الفيلق القوقازي الأول الجنرال جورجي بيرخمان على الأراضي العثماني خلال الحرب العالمية الاولى، وعبر بيرخمان الحدود العثمانية في 1 نوفمبر 1914 في حين أعلنت روسيا الحرب على الدولة العثمانية في 2 نوفمبر. يعد هجوم بيرخمان أول اشتباك عسكري بين الروس والعثمانيين في منطقة القوقاز وقد تقدمت القوات الروسية باتجاه كوبروكوي ونفذت قطاعات الجيش العثماني الثالث هجوما مضادا بهدف اجهاض الحملة الروسية وهو ما تحقق بتراجع القوات الروسية إلى داخل الحدود الروسية، الأمر الذي شجع الأتراك لمهاجمة الروس في ساريقاميش.
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| dbo:abstract | هجوم بيرخمان (بالتركية: Bergmann Atağı) أو عملية كوبروكوي (بالروسية: Кёприкейская операция) هو هجوم عسكري شنه قائد الفيلق القوقازي الأول الجنرال جورجي بيرخمان على الأراضي العثماني خلال الحرب العالمية الاولى، وعبر بيرخمان الحدود العثمانية في 1 نوفمبر 1914 في حين أعلنت روسيا الحرب على الدولة العثمانية في 2 نوفمبر. يعد هجوم بيرخمان أول اشتباك عسكري بين الروس والعثمانيين في منطقة القوقاز وقد تقدمت القوات الروسية باتجاه كوبروكوي ونفذت قطاعات الجيش العثماني الثالث هجوما مضادا بهدف اجهاض الحملة الروسية وهو ما تحقق بتراجع القوات الروسية إلى داخل الحدود الروسية، الأمر الذي شجع الأتراك لمهاجمة الروس في ساريقاميش. (ar) L'ofensiva de Bergmann (en turc: Bergmann Atağı; en rus: Берхманнский прорыв, en la literatura russa en rus: Кёприкейская операция, «operació Köprüköy») va ser el primer enfrontament de la Campanya del Caucas durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. El general rus , comandant del , va prendre la iniciativa contra l'Imperi Otomà. (ca) The Bergmann Offensive (Turkish: Bergmann Atağı; in Turkish literature Turkish: Köprüköy ve Azap Muharebeleri, "Battles of Köprüköy and Azap" Russian: Берхманнский прорыв; in Russian literature Russian: Кёприкейская операция, "Köprüköy operation") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire. When the war started, Russia had 25 battalions at Sarikamish, 8 battalions at Oltu, 5 battalions at Kağızman and 5 battalions at Kars. Russia also had 20 cavalry companies. On the other hand, the Ottomans had XI Corps' 2 divisions (18 Battalions) at Hasankale, IX Corps' 28th and 29th Divisions at Erzurum, IX Corps's 17th Division at İspir, XI Corps' 33rd Division at , 37th Division (6 battalions) at Muş, X Corps' 30th Division at Sivas, 32nd Division at Samsun and 31st Division at Amasya. X Corps didn't participate in the Bergmann Offensive due to its distance. 29th, 33rd and 37th Divisions joined the battle on 11 November and 17th Division on 17 November. The Ottomans initially had a 33% infantry numerical advantage (the Russian Caucasian Army consisted of 45,000 infantry and the Ottoman army had 60,000 infantry available) and Russia separated their army carelessly. The Ottomans however didn't use this advantage due to their precaution. Russia equalized numbers by starting to bring in the Turkistan Army Corps on 16 November. The Ottomans obtained a 50% infantry advantage by bringing X Corps (40,000 infantry) at the beginning of December. This numerical superiority encouraged the Ottomans to perform the Sarikamish Offensive. At the outbreak of war, the Russians decided to occupy the Eleşkirt valley as a defensive measure to prevent the incursion of Kurdish Hamidiye units. The Russians considered the Turkish forces to be too weak to mount any offensive before winter weather would make any such offensive impossible, and no other offensive moves were intended by the Russian high command of the Caucasian army – their strategy envisaged an active defense against a locally superior force. However, local Russian commanders had the authority to authorize limited advances. On 2 November, Bergmann's troops crossed the border in the general direction of Köprüköy. The primary aim was to secure the Eleșkirt valley. On the right flank, 20th Infantry Division under Istomin moved from Oltu in the direction of İd. On the left flank a Cossack division under Baratov moved into the Eleșkirt valley towards Yuzveran, after it crossed the Aras River. By 5 November Bergmann had completed the objectives expected of him. However, he expanded his mission by ordering further advances into Ottoman territory. By 6 November contact was made between the opposing armies, and heavy fighting continued into the 7th, with temporary Russian successes. Further Russian advances were held in check as a result of heavy fighting between 7 and 10 November. On 11 November Ottoman forces counterattacked and the Russian flanks quickly became at risk, forcing a Russian retreat. By the 12th they had retreated back to the lines they occupied on the 4th, and still at risk of being outflanked, further retreats followed. Only the arrival of Russian reinforcements headed by General Przevalski checked the situation and halted the Russian retreat. On 16–17 November Przevalski crossed the Aras river and at dawn attacked part of the Turkish XI Corps, halting their advance. After two more days the fighting finally petered out. Russian losses were 1,000 killed and 4,000 wounded, 1,000 men died of exposure(with the Bakinski regiment suffering 40% losses), while the Ottomans lost 1,983 men killed, 6,170 wounded, 3,070 were taken prisoner, and 2,800 deserted. Yudenich and his staff were disappointed by the unsuccessful attack. Turkish forces then crossed the border and, advancing into the lower Choruh valley, destroyed on 15 November a Russian column sent to protect the copper mines at Borçka, forcing the Russians to evacuate Borçka, Artvin and Ardanuç. Turkish success during these first engagements encouraged Enver Pasha in his plan to attack at Sarıkamıș. Muratoff and Allen describe Bergman as "an officer who liked to imitate in appearance and manner the type of the old Caucasian hero-leaders", but who had "none of the qualities which are necessary as a commander; he had no experience of field operations, and was merely blindly obstinate when he thought to show strength of character". (en) L'offensive Bergmann (en turc : Bergmann Atağı ; en russe : Берхманнский прорыв ; dans la littérature russe : Кёприкейская операция, « Opération Köprüköy ») est le premier engagement de la campagne du Caucase pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Le général , commandant du 1er corps d'armée du Caucase, prend l'initiative contre l'Empire ottoman. Le 2 novembre, les troupes de Bergmann franchissent la frontière dans la direction générale de Köprüköy. Sur le flanc droit, une brigade sous le commandement d'Istomine se dirige à partir d'Oltu en direction d'İd. Sur le flanc gauche, une division cosaque sous le commandement de Baratov se déploie dans la vallée d'Eleşkirt vers Yuzveran, après avoir traversé l'Araxe. En réponse, la 3e armée ottomane lance une contre-offensive générale. Les forces russes sont alors menacées par un mouvement en tenaille. Seule l'arrivée rapide des renforts russes sauve la situation. Le combat tourne finalement court le 16 novembre. En conséquence, les pertes russes s'élève à 40 % et leur moral s'en retrouve secoué. Pendant ce temps, le moral turc est élevé, le succès de cette première mission encourage Enver Pacha dans son plan d'attaque de Sarikamis. (fr) L'offensiva Bergmann (in russo: Берхманнский прорыв?) fu il primo scontro fra truppe russe ed ottomane durante la Campagna del Caucaso. Il generale Georgij Ėduardovič Berchman, comandante del I Corpo dell'Armata Russa del Caucaso, prese l'iniziativa subito dopo l'inizio delle ostilità ed il 2 novembre il I Corpo oltrepassò il confine puntando in direzione di Köprüköy. Sul suo fianco destro stava una brigata sotto il comando del generale Istomin, che era avanzata da Oltu nella direzione di Id. Sul fianco sinistro era una divisione di cosacchi sotto il comando del generale che, dopo aver attraversato il fiume Aras, si muoveva verso la vallata di Eleşkirt in direzione di Yuzveran. Come risposta immediata ci fu una controffensiva generale da parte della Terza Armata Ottomana comandata da Hasan İzzet, mentre i due schieramenti erano entrati in contatto già il 6 novembre. Per effetto della manovra di aggiramento degli ottomani le forze russe si ritrovarono minacciate su due lati. Solamente il rapido arrivo di rinforzi russi riuscì a non comprometter la situazione. I combattimenti cessarono il 29 novembre. Le perdite russe ammontavano a circa il 40% delle forze coinvolte ed il morale delle truppe era basso. Al contrario il morale dei turchi era alto. Il successo ottenuto in questo primo scontro incoraggiò Ismail Enver a pianificare la grande offensiva invernale, che avrebbe condotto alla disastrosa battaglia di Sarıkamış. (it) Ofensywa köprüköyska (inne nazwy: operacja köprüköyska, ofensywa Bergmana, ros. Кёприкейская операция, tur. Köprüköy muharebeleri) – pierwsza poważniejsza operacja wojskowa z udziałem armii rosyjskiej i na froncie kaukaskim w I wojnie światowej. Operacja miała miejsce w dniach 2–16 listopada 1914, według innych źródeł (rosyjskich) 15–9 listopada 1914 (być może jest to datowanie według kalendarza rosyjskiego) i zakończyła się sukcesem armii osmańskiej. Od nazwiska dowódcy wojsk rosyjskich zaangażowanych w starcie nosi też nazwę Ofensywa Bergmana (ros. Наступление Берхмана). (pl) Het Bergmann-offensief (Russisch: Бергманнский прорыв; Bergmannski proryv) was de eerste veldslag aan het Kaukasusfront in de Eerste Wereldoorlog. De slag vond plaats op 2 november tot 16 november 1914 en werd uitgevochten tussen het Keizerrijk Rusland en het Ottomaanse Rijk. (nl) Кеприкейская операция (тур. Köprüköy muharebeler) (20 октября (2 ноября) — 8 (21) ноября 1914 года) — первое сражение на Кавказском фронте Первой мировой войны. В западной историографии известно как «Наступление Берхмана», по фамилии командующего Сарыкамышским отрядом генерала от инфантерии Георгия Эдуардовича Берхмана. (ru) |
| dbo:causalties | 12,000 *1,983 killed *2,800 deserted *3,070 taken prisoner *6,170 wounded Total: 14,023 at least 20,000 deserted before battle (mostly Armenian soldiers) |
| dbo:combatant | Russian Empire |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Behaeddin_Shakir dbr:Galip_Pasha dbr:Georgy_Bergmann dbr:Yusuf_Izzet_Pasha dbr:Ziya_Yergök dbr:İhsan_Sökmen dbr:Şerif_İlden dbr:Nikolai_Baratov dbr:Nikolai_Istomin dbr:Hasan_Izzet_Pasha dbr:Arif_Baytın dbr:Yakub_Cemil dbr:Illarion_Ivanovich_Vorontsov-Dashkov dbr:Nikolai_Nikolaevich_Yudenich |
| dbo:date | 1914-11-21 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:place | dbr:Erzurum_Vilayet dbr:Ottoman_Empire |
| dbo:result | Ottoman victory |
| dbo:strength | * General Reserve: 2nd Turkistan Army Corps (21 battalions, 12 sotni); 17,000 infantry 1,500 Cavalry 48 guns * 37th Division: 5.000 soldiers 20 guns * Armenian volunteers (4 druzhina): 4,000 infantry * Turks had also 40,000 irregularHamidiyecavalry *IX Corps (3 division): 50.000 soldiers 72 guns *XI Corps (3 division): 35.000 soldiers 60 guns 75,000 168 guns 90,000 152 guns 96,000 * 1st Kuban Plastun Brigade (5 battalions): 3,500 infantry * 2st Kuban Plastun Brigade (6 battalions): 4,000 infantry * 1st Caucasian Army Corps (32 battalions): 40-42,000 infantry 96 guns * 1st Caucasian Cossack Division (30 sotni) and one odd Cossack regiment (6 sotni): 4,500 cavalry 24 guns |
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| dbp:caption | The limit of the Russian advance into Anatolia during the Caucasus Campaign (en) |
| dbp:casualties | 7000 (xsd:integer) 12000 (xsd:integer) at least 20,000 deserted before battle (en) |
| dbp:combatant | Russian Empire (en) |
| dbp:commander | Nikolai Istomin (en) Nikolai Yudenich (en) Ali İhsan Pasha (en) Galip Pasha (en) Arif Bey (en) Behaeddin Shakir (en) Felix Guse (en) Georgy Bergmann (en) Hasan Izzet Pasha (en) I. Vorontsov-Dashkov (en) Nikolai Baratov (en) Yakub Cemil (en) Yusuf İzzet Pasha (en) Ziya Bey (en) Şerif Bey (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Bergmann Offensive (en) |
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| dbp:result | Ottoman victory (en) |
| dbp:strength | 96000 (xsd:integer) 75000168 (xsd:integer) 90000152 (xsd:integer) |
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| rdfs:comment | هجوم بيرخمان (بالتركية: Bergmann Atağı) أو عملية كوبروكوي (بالروسية: Кёприкейская операция) هو هجوم عسكري شنه قائد الفيلق القوقازي الأول الجنرال جورجي بيرخمان على الأراضي العثماني خلال الحرب العالمية الاولى، وعبر بيرخمان الحدود العثمانية في 1 نوفمبر 1914 في حين أعلنت روسيا الحرب على الدولة العثمانية في 2 نوفمبر. يعد هجوم بيرخمان أول اشتباك عسكري بين الروس والعثمانيين في منطقة القوقاز وقد تقدمت القوات الروسية باتجاه كوبروكوي ونفذت قطاعات الجيش العثماني الثالث هجوما مضادا بهدف اجهاض الحملة الروسية وهو ما تحقق بتراجع القوات الروسية إلى داخل الحدود الروسية، الأمر الذي شجع الأتراك لمهاجمة الروس في ساريقاميش. (ar) L'ofensiva de Bergmann (en turc: Bergmann Atağı; en rus: Берхманнский прорыв, en la literatura russa en rus: Кёприкейская операция, «operació Köprüköy») va ser el primer enfrontament de la Campanya del Caucas durant la Primera Guerra Mundial. El general rus , comandant del , va prendre la iniciativa contra l'Imperi Otomà. (ca) Ofensywa köprüköyska (inne nazwy: operacja köprüköyska, ofensywa Bergmana, ros. Кёприкейская операция, tur. Köprüköy muharebeleri) – pierwsza poważniejsza operacja wojskowa z udziałem armii rosyjskiej i na froncie kaukaskim w I wojnie światowej. Operacja miała miejsce w dniach 2–16 listopada 1914, według innych źródeł (rosyjskich) 15–9 listopada 1914 (być może jest to datowanie według kalendarza rosyjskiego) i zakończyła się sukcesem armii osmańskiej. Od nazwiska dowódcy wojsk rosyjskich zaangażowanych w starcie nosi też nazwę Ofensywa Bergmana (ros. Наступление Берхмана). (pl) Het Bergmann-offensief (Russisch: Бергманнский прорыв; Bergmannski proryv) was de eerste veldslag aan het Kaukasusfront in de Eerste Wereldoorlog. De slag vond plaats op 2 november tot 16 november 1914 en werd uitgevochten tussen het Keizerrijk Rusland en het Ottomaanse Rijk. (nl) Кеприкейская операция (тур. Köprüköy muharebeler) (20 октября (2 ноября) — 8 (21) ноября 1914 года) — первое сражение на Кавказском фронте Первой мировой войны. В западной историографии известно как «Наступление Берхмана», по фамилии командующего Сарыкамышским отрядом генерала от инфантерии Георгия Эдуардовича Берхмана. (ru) The Bergmann Offensive (Turkish: Bergmann Atağı; in Turkish literature Turkish: Köprüköy ve Azap Muharebeleri, "Battles of Köprüköy and Azap" Russian: Берхманнский прорыв; in Russian literature Russian: Кёприкейская операция, "Köprüköy operation") was the first engagement of the Caucasus Campaign during World War I. General Georgy Bergmann, commander of the 1st Caucasus Army Corps, took the initiative against the Ottoman Empire. (en) L'offensive Bergmann (en turc : Bergmann Atağı ; en russe : Берхманнский прорыв ; dans la littérature russe : Кёприкейская операция, « Opération Köprüköy ») est le premier engagement de la campagne du Caucase pendant la Première Guerre mondiale. Le général , commandant du 1er corps d'armée du Caucase, prend l'initiative contre l'Empire ottoman. En réponse, la 3e armée ottomane lance une contre-offensive générale. Les forces russes sont alors menacées par un mouvement en tenaille. Seule l'arrivée rapide des renforts russes sauve la situation. Le combat tourne finalement court le 16 novembre. (fr) L'offensiva Bergmann (in russo: Берхманнский прорыв?) fu il primo scontro fra truppe russe ed ottomane durante la Campagna del Caucaso. Il generale Georgij Ėduardovič Berchman, comandante del I Corpo dell'Armata Russa del Caucaso, prese l'iniziativa subito dopo l'inizio delle ostilità ed il 2 novembre il I Corpo oltrepassò il confine puntando in direzione di Köprüköy. Sul suo fianco destro stava una brigata sotto il comando del generale Istomin, che era avanzata da Oltu nella direzione di Id. Sul fianco sinistro era una divisione di cosacchi sotto il comando del generale che, dopo aver attraversato il fiume Aras, si muoveva verso la vallata di Eleşkirt in direzione di Yuzveran. (it) |
| rdfs:label | Bergmann Offensive (en) هجوم بيرخمان (ar) Ofensiva de Bergmann (ca) Offensiva Bergmann (it) Offensive Bergmann (fr) Bergmannoffensief (nl) Operacja köprüköyska (pl) Кеприкейская операция (ru) |
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| foaf:name | Bergmann Offensive (en) |
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| is dbo:wikiPageDisambiguates of | dbr:Bergmann_(disambiguation) |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:List_of_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire dbr:Battle_of_Ardahan dbr:Battle_of_Sarikamish dbr:Defense_of_Van_(1915) dbr:Persian_campaign_(World_War_I) dbr:November_1914 dbr:Timeline_of_World_War_I dbr:Timeline_of_Armenian_national_movement dbr:Galip_Pasha dbr:Georgy_Bergmann dbr:Armenian_congress_at_Erzurum dbr:Armenian_resistance_during_the_Armenian_genocide dbr:Ziya_Yergök dbr:İhsan_Sökmen dbr:Caucasus_campaign dbr:Timeline_of_modern_Armenian_history dbr:Drastamat_Kanayan dbr:First_Battle_of_Ypres dbr:Nikolai_Istomin dbr:Ottoman_entry_into_World_War_I dbr:Caucasus_Army_(Russian_Empire,_1914–1917) dbr:Bergmann_(disambiguation) dbr:List_of_Ottoman_battles_in_World_War_I dbr:Hasan_Izzet_Pasha dbr:Arif_Baytın dbr:Armen_Garo dbr:Armenian_national_movement dbr:Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire dbr:Middle_Eastern_theatre_of_World_War_I dbr:Outline_of_the_Ottoman_Empire |
| is dbp:battles of | dbr:Galip_Pasha dbr:Georgy_Bergmann dbr:Ziya_Yergök dbr:İhsan_Sökmen dbr:Nikolai_Istomin dbr:Arif_Baytın |
| is rdfs:seeAlso of | dbr:Battle_of_Manzikert_(1915) |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:Bergmann_Offensive |
