| dbo:abstract |
Bertram Thomas Combs (August 13, 1911 – December 4, 1991) was an American jurist and politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. After serving on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, he was elected the 50th Governor of Kentucky in 1959 on his second run for the office. Following his gubernatorial term, he was appointed to serve as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit by President Lyndon B. Johnson, serving from 1967 to 1970. Combs rose from poverty in his native Clay County to earn a law degree from the University of Kentucky and open a law practice in Prestonsburg. He was decorated for prosecuting Japanese war criminals before military tribunals following World War II, then returned to Kentucky and his law practice. In 1951, Governor Lawrence Wetherby appointed him to fill a vacancy on the Kentucky Court of Appeals. Later that year, he was elected to a full term on the court, defeating former governor and judge Simeon S. Willis. Kentucky's Democratic Party had split into two factions by 1955 when Earle C. Clements, the leader of one faction, chose Combs to challenge former governor and U.S. Senator A. B. "Happy" Chandler, who headed the other, in the upcoming gubernatorial primary. Chandler, who went on to reclaim the governorship, had promised that he would not need to raise taxes to meet the state's financial obligations, but ultimately he did so. In 1959, Combs was elected governor, defeating Lieutenant Governor Harry Lee Waterfield, Chandler's choice to succeed him in office, in the primary. Early in his term, Combs secured passage of a three-percent sales tax to pay a bonus to the state's military veterans. Knowing a tax of one percent would have been sufficient, he used the excess revenue to enact a system of reforms, including expansion of the state's highway and state park systems. He also devoted much of the surplus to education. Following his term in office, Combs was appointed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit by President Johnson. He served for three years before resigning and running for governor again in 1971. He lost in the Democratic primary to Wendell Ford, his former executive secretary. In 1984, Combs agreed to represent sixty-six of the state's poor school districts in a lawsuit challenging the state's system of financing public education. The suit, Rose v. Council for Better Education, resulted in the Kentucky Supreme Court declaring the state's entire system of public schools unconstitutional. In response, the Kentucky General Assembly drafted a sweeping education measure known as the Kentucky Education Reform Act in 1991. On December 3, 1991, Combs was caught in a flash flood while driving and was killed. (en) Bertram Thomas Combs (* 13. August 1911 in , Clay County, Kentucky; † 4. Dezember 1991 im Powell County, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Kentucky. (de) Bertram Thomas « Bert » Combs, né le 13 août 1911 à Manchester et mort le 4 décembre 1991 dans le comté de Powell, est un homme politique américain, membre du Parti démocrate. Il est le 50e gouverneur du Kentucky. (fr) バートラム・トマス・コームズ（英: Bertram Thomas Combs、1911年8月13日 - 1991年12月4日）は、アメリカ合衆国の政治家、法学者である。ケンタッキー州控訴裁判所判事を務めた後、1959年から1963年まで、第50代ケンタッキー州知事を務めた。知事には２回目の挑戦だった。知事を辞めた後は、リンドン・B・ジョンソン大統領から第6巡回控訴裁判所判事に指名され、1967年から1970年まで務めた。 コームズはケンタッキー州クレイ郡で生まれ、貧困の中で育ち、ケンタッキー大学で法学士を得た後はプレストンズバーグで法律実務を始めた。第二次世界大戦中に軍事法廷で日本人戦争犯罪人を裁いたことでアメリカ陸軍の勲章を得た後に、ケンタッキー州に戻って法律実務を再開した。1951年、ケンタッキー州知事ローレンス・ウェザビーがコームズをケンタッキー州控訴裁判所判事の空いた椅子に指名した。その年後半にあった選挙では、元知事で判事のシメオン・ウィリスを破り、改めて任期通りの判事になった。1955年までにケンタッキー州民主党は2つの派閥に分かれており、その1つを率いるアール・C・クレメンツが、近づく州知事選挙で、もう一方の派閥を率いるA・B・"ハッピー"・チャンドラーに挑戦する者としてコームズを選んだ。コームズの印象の薄い演説や、州財政に対する必要性について率直だったことが予備選挙では災いした。最終的に知事に当選するチャンドラーは、州の財政を改善するために増税する必要は無いと約束したが、最後は増税することになった。このことでチャンドラーは信用を傷つけ、コームズは選挙民の目に有望で正直な者と映るようになった。その結果、1959年の予備選挙では、チャンドラーが後継者に推していたハリー・リー・ウォーターフィールドを破って州知事に選ばれた。コームズはその任期の初期に軍隊退役兵にボーナスを支給するために、3%の消費税課税を認めさせた。コームズは1%の課税で足りることを承知していたが、余剰分は州道や州立公園の拡大など、既存体系改善のために遣った。さらに教育予算にも多くを当てた。 コームズは知事を辞めた後に、ジョンソン大統領から第6巡回控訴裁判所判事に指名された。この職を3年間務めた後、1971年に再度州知事選に出馬したが、このときは民主党の以前の予備選挙で自分の事務局長だったウェンデル・H・フォードに破れた。1984年、州の公共教育財政について、貧しい教育学区66区を代表して異議申し立てを行うことに同意した。「ローズ対良好教育委員会事件」と呼ばれたこの訴訟では、ケンタッキー州最高裁判所が州の公共教育体系全体が違憲であると判決することになった。これに応えたケンタッキー州議会は1991年、ケンタッキー州教育改革法と呼ばれる包括的教育手段を作った。1991年12月3日、コームズは自分の法律事務所から車で帰宅しているときに、鉄砲水に巻き込まれた。その遺体は翌朝、パウェル郡ロスリンに近いレッド川で見つかった。検死官は死因が低体温症だと判断した。 (ja) Bertram Thomas "Bert" Combs, född 13 augusti 1911 i Manchester, Kentucky, död 4 december 1991 i Powell County, Kentucky, var en amerikansk demokratisk politiker och jurist. Han var Kentuckys guvernör 1959–1963. Combs studerade vid och avlade sedan juristexamen vid University of Kentucky. I andra världskriget deltog han i USA:s armé och befordrades till kapten. Under kriget tjänstgjorde han i general Douglas MacArthurs stab och efter kriget deltog han i rättegången mot japanska krigsförbrytare. Mellan 1951 och 1955 satt han som domare i en appellationsdomstol i Kentucky. Combs efterträdde 1959 Happy Chandler som guvernör och efterträddes 1963 av Edward T. Breathitt. Mellan 1967 och 1970 tjänstgjorde han sedan som domare i en federal appellationsdomstol. År 1991 drunknade Combs i en översvämning i Kentucky. (sv) 伯特伦·托马斯·康布斯（英語：Bertram Thomas Combs，1911年8月13日－1991年12月4日）是一位来自美国肯塔基州的法官和政治家。曾担任法官，然后于1959年当选第50任肯塔基州州长。州长任期结束后，他又获美国总统林登·约翰逊提名，于1967年至1970年间担任美国联邦第六巡回上诉法院法官。 康布斯生于克莱县，出身贫寒但学习成绩优异，从肯塔基大学获得法学学位后在普勒斯顿开设了律师事务所。第二次世界大战期间，他负责对多名日本战犯提出起诉，并因此获得勋奖，然后返回肯塔基州继续从事法律工作。1951年，州长劳伦斯·韦瑟比任命他担任肯塔基州上诉法院法官，同年他又参加该职位竞选，战胜前州长兼法官西米恩·S·威利斯赢得8年任期。1955年州长选举时，肯塔基州的民主党人已分裂成两个派系，其中一个派系的领导人厄尔·C·克莱门茨选择康布斯作为候选人，在初选中对抗另一派系领袖A·B·“哈皮”·钱德勒。康布斯演讲技巧欠佳，并且又过分坦承，因此在选举中十分被动，而信誓旦旦不会加税的钱德勒当选后面对财政上的困境，还是不得不违背自己的承诺，他的声誉也因此受到影响，反过来康布斯之前的坦承就成为选民眼中勇气和诚实的典范。在这样的情况下，康布斯于1959年再度参选州长并成功胜出。新州长上任后不久，肯塔基州通过了3%的消费税法案，用来向州内退伍军人支付奖金。如果单是这一需要，1%的消费税就已足够，所以康布斯用多余的收入来制定一系列的改革，例如扩展州内的高速公路和州立公园系统，还把许多资金投入教育事业。 卸任州长后，康布斯获约翰逊总统提名，成为联邦第六巡回上诉法院法官。任职三年后，他于1971年辞职再度参选肯塔基州州长，但在民主党初选中不敌温德尔·H·福特。1984年，康布斯同意代表肯塔基州的66个贫困校区起诉该州的公立教育融资制度。这一人称“罗斯诉优化教育委员会案”的案件导致宣布州内整个公立学校体系违宪。肯塔基州议会为此起草了一套人称的详尽教育措施。1991年12月3日，伯特伦·托马斯·康布斯在离开自己办公室开车回家的路上不幸遇到山洪暴发，人们次日早上在鲍威尔县罗斯林附近的红河下游河段找到了他的车和遗体，终年80岁。 (zh) |
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Bertram Thomas Combs (en) |
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Bertram Thomas Combs (* 13. August 1911 in , Clay County, Kentucky; † 4. Dezember 1991 im Powell County, Kentucky) war ein US-amerikanischer Politiker und Gouverneur des Bundesstaates Kentucky. (de) Bertram Thomas « Bert » Combs, né le 13 août 1911 à Manchester et mort le 4 décembre 1991 dans le comté de Powell, est un homme politique américain, membre du Parti démocrate. Il est le 50e gouverneur du Kentucky. (fr) Bertram Thomas Combs (August 13, 1911 – December 4, 1991) was an American jurist and politician from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. After serving on the Kentucky Court of Appeals, he was elected the 50th Governor of Kentucky in 1959 on his second run for the office. Following his gubernatorial term, he was appointed to serve as a United States circuit judge of the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit by President Lyndon B. Johnson, serving from 1967 to 1970. (en) バートラム・トマス・コームズ（英: Bertram Thomas Combs、1911年8月13日 - 1991年12月4日）は、アメリカ合衆国の政治家、法学者である。ケンタッキー州控訴裁判所判事を務めた後、1959年から1963年まで、第50代ケンタッキー州知事を務めた。知事には２回目の挑戦だった。知事を辞めた後は、リンドン・B・ジョンソン大統領から第6巡回控訴裁判所判事に指名され、1967年から1970年まで務めた。 コームズは知事を辞めた後に、ジョンソン大統領から第6巡回控訴裁判所判事に指名された。この職を3年間務めた後、1971年に再度州知事選に出馬したが、このときは民主党の以前の予備選挙で自分の事務局長だったウェンデル・H・フォードに破れた。1984年、州の公共教育財政について、貧しい教育学区66区を代表して異議申し立てを行うことに同意した。「ローズ対良好教育委員会事件」と呼ばれたこの訴訟では、ケンタッキー州最高裁判所が州の公共教育体系全体が違憲であると判決することになった。これに応えたケンタッキー州議会は1991年、ケンタッキー州教育改革法と呼ばれる包括的教育手段を作った。1991年12月3日、コームズは自分の法律事務所から車で帰宅しているときに、鉄砲水に巻き込まれた。その遺体は翌朝、パウェル郡ロスリンに近いレッド川で見つかった。検死官は死因が低体温症だと判断した。 (ja) Bertram Thomas "Bert" Combs, född 13 augusti 1911 i Manchester, Kentucky, död 4 december 1991 i Powell County, Kentucky, var en amerikansk demokratisk politiker och jurist. Han var Kentuckys guvernör 1959–1963. Combs studerade vid och avlade sedan juristexamen vid University of Kentucky. I andra världskriget deltog han i USA:s armé och befordrades till kapten. Under kriget tjänstgjorde han i general Douglas MacArthurs stab och efter kriget deltog han i rättegången mot japanska krigsförbrytare. Mellan 1951 och 1955 satt han som domare i en appellationsdomstol i Kentucky. (sv) 伯特伦·托马斯·康布斯（英語：Bertram Thomas Combs，1911年8月13日－1991年12月4日）是一位来自美国肯塔基州的法官和政治家。曾担任法官，然后于1959年当选第50任肯塔基州州长。州长任期结束后，他又获美国总统林登·约翰逊提名，于1967年至1970年间担任美国联邦第六巡回上诉法院法官。 康布斯生于克莱县，出身贫寒但学习成绩优异，从肯塔基大学获得法学学位后在普勒斯顿开设了律师事务所。第二次世界大战期间，他负责对多名日本战犯提出起诉，并因此获得勋奖，然后返回肯塔基州继续从事法律工作。1951年，州长劳伦斯·韦瑟比任命他担任肯塔基州上诉法院法官，同年他又参加该职位竞选，战胜前州长兼法官西米恩·S·威利斯赢得8年任期。1955年州长选举时，肯塔基州的民主党人已分裂成两个派系，其中一个派系的领导人厄尔·C·克莱门茨选择康布斯作为候选人，在初选中对抗另一派系领袖A·B·“哈皮”·钱德勒。康布斯演讲技巧欠佳，并且又过分坦承，因此在选举中十分被动，而信誓旦旦不会加税的钱德勒当选后面对财政上的困境，还是不得不违背自己的承诺，他的声誉也因此受到影响，反过来康布斯之前的坦承就成为选民眼中勇气和诚实的典范。在这样的情况下，康布斯于1959年再度参选州长并成功胜出。新州长上任后不久，肯塔基州通过了3%的消费税法案，用来向州内退伍军人支付奖金。如果单是这一需要，1%的消费税就已足够，所以康布斯用多余的收入来制定一系列的改革，例如扩展州内的高速公路和州立公园系统，还把许多资金投入教育事业。 (zh) |
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Bert Combs (en) Bert T. Combs (de) Bert Combs (fr) バート・コームズ (ja) Bert Combs (sv) 伯特·T·康布斯 (zh) |
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