List of cosmic microwave background experiments (original) (raw)
- This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964. There have been a variety of experiments to measure the CMB anisotropies and polarization since its first observation in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson. These include a mix of ground-, balloon- and space-based receivers. Some notable experiments in the list are COBE, which first detected the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, and showed that it had a black body spectrum; DASI, which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB; CBI, which made high-resolution observations and obtained the first E-mode polarization spectrum; WMAP; and the Planck spacecraft, which has produced the highest resolution all-sky map to-date of both the temperature anisotropies and polarization signals. Current scientific goals for CMB observation include precise measurement of gravitational lensing, which can constrain the mass of the neutrino; and measurement of B-mode polarization as possible evidence for cosmic inflation. The design of cosmic microwave background experiments is a very challenging task. The greatest problems are the receivers, the telescope optics and the atmosphere. Many improved microwave amplifier technologies have been designed for microwave background applications. Some technologies used are HEMT, MMIC, SIS and bolometers. Experiments generally use elaborate cryogenic systems to keep the amplifiers cool. Often, experiments are interferometers which only measure the spatial fluctuations in signals on the sky, and are insensitive to the average 2.7 K background. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Cosmic microwave background telescopes. Another problem is the 1/f noise intrinsic to all detectors. Usually the experimental scan strategy is designed to minimize the effect of such noise. To minimize side lobes, microwave optics usually utilize elaborate lenses and feed horns. Finally, in ground-based (and, to an extent, balloon-based) instruments, water and oxygen in the atmosphere emit and absorb microwave radiation. Even at frequencies where the atmospheric transmission is high, atmospheric emission contributes photon noise that limits the sensitivity of an experiment. CMB research therefore uses of air- and space-borne experiments, as well as dry, high altitude locations such as the Chilean Andes and the South Pole. (en)
- Dalla scoperta nel 1964 della radiazione cosmica di fondo, da parte degli astronomi Arno Penzias e Robert Woodrow Wilson, si sono susseguiti una varietà di esperimenti finalizzati alla ricezione e allo studio della CMB. Tra i tanti esperimenti, i più importanti sono stati: * COBE, il primo esperimento che ha misurato le temperature delle anisotropie nella CMB, scoprendo anche che presenta uno spettro elettromagnetico simile ad un corpo nero. * DASI, il primo a determinare il segnale di polarizzazione della CMB. * Telescopio CBI, il primo ad ottenere osservazioni in alta risoluzione, e il primo ad ottenere lo spettro di polarizzazione E-mode. * WMAP, l'esperimento che ha dato osservazioni della CMB a più alta risoluzione.Confronto delle CMBR risultate da COBE, WMAP e Planck La progettazione degli esperimenti cosmica di fondo è un compito molto impegnativo. I maggiori problemi sono i ricevitori, le del telescopio e l'atmosfera. Sono state sviluppate molte tecnologie per i ricevitori a microonde, come l'HEMT, il , il e il bolometro. Generalmente, gli esperimenti montano complicati sistemi di criogenia per mantenere bassa la temperatura dell'amplificatore. Altri esperimenti consistono in uno o più interferometri, che si limitano a misurare le fluttuazioni spaziali dei segnali provenienti dal cosmo, e sono insensibili alla temperatura media di fondo di 2,7 K. Un altro problema per questi esperimenti è il rumore 1/f intrinseco a tutti i rilevatori. Solitamente, gli esperimenti vengono progettati in maniera tale da minimizzare questo tipo di rumore. Per minimizzare i lobi secondari del segnale, i gruppi ottici solitamente usano elaborati sistemi di lenti e antenne a tromba alimentate. Infine, l'atmosfera è un problema perché l'acqua assorbe le radiazioni a microonde (principio utilizzato nei forni a microonde): essendo la radiazione di fondo un segnale alla lunghezza d'onda delle microonde, questo problema ne rende difficoltosa l'osservazione da terra. Per questo, lo studio della CMB fa sempre più uso di esperimenti aerei o spaziali. Gli esperimenti a terra, invece, si trovano quasi sempre in posti secchi come le Ande cilene o il Polo sud. (it)
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- This list is a compilation of experiments measuring the cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation anisotropies and polarization since the first detection of the CMB by Penzias and Wilson in 1964. There have been a variety of experiments to measure the CMB anisotropies and polarization since its first observation in 1964 by Penzias and Wilson. These include a mix of ground-, balloon- and space-based receivers. Some notable experiments in the list are COBE, which first detected the temperature anisotropies of the CMB, and showed that it had a black body spectrum; DASI, which first detected the polarization signal from the CMB; CBI, which made high-resolution observations and obtained the first E-mode polarization spectrum; WMAP; and the Planck spacecraft, which has produced the highest res (en)
- Dalla scoperta nel 1964 della radiazione cosmica di fondo, da parte degli astronomi Arno Penzias e Robert Woodrow Wilson, si sono susseguiti una varietà di esperimenti finalizzati alla ricezione e allo studio della CMB. Tra i tanti esperimenti, i più importanti sono stati: (it)
- Esperimenti sulla radiazione cosmica di fondo (it)
- List of cosmic microwave background experiments (en)
is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of
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- dbr:Cosmology_Large_Angular_Scale_Surveyor
- dbr:Wilkinson_Microwave_Anisotropy_Probe
- dbr:Atacama_B-Mode_Search
- dbr:ARCADE
- dbr:BICEP_and_Keck_Array