Crow Creek massacre (original) (raw)
Кроу-Крикская резня (англ. Crow Creek massacre) — уничтожение индейского поселения в Южной Дакоте, в ходе междоусобной войны индейских племен Резня на Кроу-Крике произошла приблизительно в середине первой половины XIV века. Последние десятилетия тщательно изучалось американскими исследователями, которые при помощи методов археологии, палеогенетики, палеоботаники и иных смежных дисциплин сумели установить множество обстоятельств, касающихся жизни и гибели индейского поселения
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| dbo:abstract | The Crow Creek massacre occurred around the mid-14th century AD between Native American groups at a site along the upper Missouri River in the South Dakota area; it is now within the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. Crow Creek Site, the site of the massacre near Chamberlain, is an archaeological site and a U.S. National Historic Landmark, located at coordinates 43°58′48″N 99°19′54″W. An excavation of part of the site was done in the 1950s, at the time of dam construction on the river. Additional excavations were conducted in 1978 and later. Two groups occupied the site in prehistoric times. The Siouan-speaking Middle Missouri people (Initial Middle Missouri variant), ancestral to the historic Mandan people, first occupied the site sometime after about AD 900. They built numerous earth lodges on the lower portion of the site. Caddoan-speaking Central Plains people (Initial Coalescent variant) moved into the area from southern areas (present-day Nebraska) sometime around 1150 AD. (The historic Arikara are a Caddoan people.) Whether they displaced the earlier group or moved on to an abandoned site is unknown. The Central Plains (Initial Coalescent) people built at least 55 lodges, mostly on the upper part of the site. There is no direct evidence that there was conflict between the two groups, and scholars have found evidence that both cultures changed gradually in relation to the other. There is evidence that the Central Plains/Initial Coalescent villagers built well-planned defensive works for their village. They were replacing an earlier dry moat fortification with a new fortification ditch around the expanded village when an attack occurred that resulted in the massacre. The attacking group killed all the villagers. Archaeologists from the University of South Dakota, directed by project director Larry J. Zimmerman, field director Thomas Emerson, and osteologist P. Wille, found the remains of at least 486 people killed during the attack. Most of these remains showed signs of ritual mutilation, particularly scalping. Other examples were tongues being removed, teeth broken, beheading, hands and feet being cut off, and other forms of dismemberment. In addition to the severity of the attack, most of the people showed signs of malnutrition and many had evidence of earlier wounds, likely from other attacks. This evidence has suggested to scholars that lives of people of the Initial Coalescent culture were under more stress than was thought; they have theorized that the people were attacked by another group or several groups of the Initial Coalescent culture in the area in competition for arable land and resources. (en) Masakra w Crow Creek – rzeź mieszkańców osady Crow Creek położonej nad rzeką Missouri w Dakocie Południowej, do której doszło około 1325 roku. Wydarzenie to nie jest znane z żadnych relacji historycznych i fakt jego zajścia został poznany dzięki przeprowadzonym współcześnie badaniom archeologicznym. Miejsce masakry posiada status National Historic Landmark. Położona na trójkątnym cyplu osada została po raz pierwszy przebadana w latach 1954-1955. Z dwóch stron otoczona była wodą, od strony lądu osłaniał ją natomiast umocniony wał ziemny. Na jej terenie znajdowało się ponad 50 domostw, mających formę półziemianek. Wyróżniono dwie fazy zasiedlenia osady, z których starsza sięga około 1100 roku, młodsza zaś kończy się wraz z rzezią mieszkańców około 1325 roku. Podczas prac wykopaliskowych w 1978 roku w pobliżu wału odkryto zbiorowy grób zawierający szczątki prawie 500 osób – mężczyzn, kobiet, dzieci i starców, zamordowanych około 1325 roku przez przybyłych przypuszczalnie z północy nieznanych najeźdźców, którzy spalili osadę i dokonali rzezi jej mieszkańców. Ciała ofiar zostały okaleczone: oskalpowane, poćwiartowane, pozbawione zabranych jako trofea głów, dłoni i stóp. Niewielki procent szczątków młodych kobiet wskazuje, że uprowadzono je w niewolę. Ciała zamordowanych zostały porzucone, na kościach widoczne są ślady naruszenia ich przez dzikie zwierzęta. Po pewnym czasie prawdopodobnie pozostali przy życiu mieszkańcy osady powrócili w to miejsce i pogrzebali wszystkich w zbiorowej mogile. Odkrycie śladów masakry w Crow Creek pozwoliło lepiej poznać życie mieszkańców Wielkich Równin w okresie prekolumbijskim i dowiodło, że już na długo przed przybyciem Europejczyków na terenie Ameryki Północnej dochodziło do dużych, niezwykle krwawych konfliktów zbrojnych. (pl) Кроу-Крикская резня (англ. Crow Creek massacre) — уничтожение индейского поселения в Южной Дакоте, в ходе междоусобной войны индейских племен Резня на Кроу-Крике произошла приблизительно в середине первой половины XIV века. Последние десятилетия тщательно изучалось американскими исследователями, которые при помощи методов археологии, палеогенетики, палеоботаники и иных смежных дисциплин сумели установить множество обстоятельств, касающихся жизни и гибели индейского поселения (ru) |
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| rdfs:comment | Кроу-Крикская резня (англ. Crow Creek massacre) — уничтожение индейского поселения в Южной Дакоте, в ходе междоусобной войны индейских племен Резня на Кроу-Крике произошла приблизительно в середине первой половины XIV века. Последние десятилетия тщательно изучалось американскими исследователями, которые при помощи методов археологии, палеогенетики, палеоботаники и иных смежных дисциплин сумели установить множество обстоятельств, касающихся жизни и гибели индейского поселения (ru) The Crow Creek massacre occurred around the mid-14th century AD between Native American groups at a site along the upper Missouri River in the South Dakota area; it is now within the Crow Creek Indian Reservation. Crow Creek Site, the site of the massacre near Chamberlain, is an archaeological site and a U.S. National Historic Landmark, located at coordinates 43°58′48″N 99°19′54″W. An excavation of part of the site was done in the 1950s, at the time of dam construction on the river. Additional excavations were conducted in 1978 and later. (en) Masakra w Crow Creek – rzeź mieszkańców osady Crow Creek położonej nad rzeką Missouri w Dakocie Południowej, do której doszło około 1325 roku. Wydarzenie to nie jest znane z żadnych relacji historycznych i fakt jego zajścia został poznany dzięki przeprowadzonym współcześnie badaniom archeologicznym. Miejsce masakry posiada status National Historic Landmark. (pl) |
| rdfs:label | Crow Creek massacre (en) Masakra w Crow Creek (pl) Кроу-Крикская резня (ru) |
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