| dbo:abstract |
Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson. In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism. The arrows illustrate the movement of electrons as bonds between atoms are broken and formed. It is important to note that arrow pushing never directly show the movement of atoms; it is used to show the movement of electron density, which indirectly shows the movement of atoms themselves. Arrow pushing is also used to describe how positive and negative charges are distributed around organic molecules through resonance. It is important to remember, however, that arrow pushing is a formalism and electrons (or rather, electron density) do not move around so neatly and discretely in reality. Recently, arrow pushing has been extended to inorganic chemistry, especially to the chemistry of s- and p-block elements. It has been shown to work well for hypervalent compounds. (en) Unter Elektronenverschiebung versteht man im Allgemeinen die Bewegung eines einzelnen Elektrons oder eines Elektronenpaars, die im Verlauf einer chemischen Reaktion stattfindet. Zur Veranschaulichung wird die Verschiebung mithilfe von gebogenen Pfeilen dargestellt. Dabei wird die Bewegung eines Elektrons oder Elektronenpaars von einem besetzten in ein freies Orbital illustriert. Diese Technik wurde 1922 von Robert Robinson entwickelt und findet seither vielfach Anwendung in der Darstellung von Reaktionsmechanismen. Bei chemischen Reaktionen spielt die Überlappung und Addition von Molekülorbitalen zu neuen Molekülorbitalen, sowie die Bewegung der Elektronen innerhalb dieser Orbitale eine wichtige Rolle. Mithilfe der gebogenen Pfeile können wichtige Merkmale dieser Wechselwirkungen und Elektronenbewegungen dargestellt werden. Es ist zu beachten, dass dieser Formalismus lediglich eine Vereinfachung darstellt und die Verschiebung von Elektronen bzw. der Elektronendichte in Wirklichkeit nicht so sauber Schritt für Schritt verläuft. (de) 箭头推动法，简称箭推法（英語：Arrow pushing或Electron pushing）是一种用于描述有机化学反应机理的方法。 它首先由罗伯特·鲁滨逊爵士发明。 在使用箭推法时，需在化学方程式中反应物的结构式上画出弯曲的箭头以显示反应机理。箭头说明了当化学键断裂和形成时电子的流向。箭推法也被用于描述正负电荷通过共振在有机分子上的分布方式。注意，箭推法仅仅是一种形式主义；实际上，电子（或电子密度）并不会按照这种方式进行整齐和离散的移动。 最近，箭推法已被扩展到无机化学，特别是s区和p区元素的反应机理。这种方法对于描述超价分子很有帮助。 (zh) |
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http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-1118173988.html http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/chemistry/5-12-organic-chemistry-i-spring-2005/ http://www.haverford.edu/wintnerorganicchem https://web.archive.org/web/20071029211245/http:/www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/intro1.htm%23info%23info https://www.amazon.com/Arrow-Pushing-Organic-Chemistry-Understanding-Mechanisms/dp/111899132X/ref=s9_simh_gw_g14_i1_r%3F_encoding=UTF8&fpl=fresh&pf_rd_m=ATVPDKIKX0DER&pf_rd_s=&pf_rd_r=DJSYP7HWCD455BRG8B9H&pf_rd_t=36701&pf_rd_p=781f4767-b4d4-466b-8c26-2639359664eb&pf_rd_i=desktop |
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箭头推动法，简称箭推法（英語：Arrow pushing或Electron pushing）是一种用于描述有机化学反应机理的方法。 它首先由罗伯特·鲁滨逊爵士发明。 在使用箭推法时，需在化学方程式中反应物的结构式上画出弯曲的箭头以显示反应机理。箭头说明了当化学键断裂和形成时电子的流向。箭推法也被用于描述正负电荷通过共振在有机分子上的分布方式。注意，箭推法仅仅是一种形式主义；实际上，电子（或电子密度）并不会按照这种方式进行整齐和离散的移动。 最近，箭推法已被扩展到无机化学，特别是s区和p区元素的反应机理。这种方法对于描述超价分子很有帮助。 (zh) Arrow pushing or electron pushing is a technique used to describe the progression of organic chemistry reaction mechanisms. It was first developed by Sir Robert Robinson. In using arrow pushing, "curved arrows" or "curly arrows" are drawn on the structural formulae of reactants in a chemical equation to show the reaction mechanism. The arrows illustrate the movement of electrons as bonds between atoms are broken and formed. It is important to note that arrow pushing never directly show the movement of atoms; it is used to show the movement of electron density, which indirectly shows the movement of atoms themselves. Arrow pushing is also used to describe how positive and negative charges are distributed around organic molecules through resonance. It is important to remember, however, that (en) Unter Elektronenverschiebung versteht man im Allgemeinen die Bewegung eines einzelnen Elektrons oder eines Elektronenpaars, die im Verlauf einer chemischen Reaktion stattfindet. Zur Veranschaulichung wird die Verschiebung mithilfe von gebogenen Pfeilen dargestellt. Dabei wird die Bewegung eines Elektrons oder Elektronenpaars von einem besetzten in ein freies Orbital illustriert. Diese Technik wurde 1922 von Robert Robinson entwickelt und findet seither vielfach Anwendung in der Darstellung von Reaktionsmechanismen. Bei chemischen Reaktionen spielt die Überlappung und Addition von Molekülorbitalen zu neuen Molekülorbitalen, sowie die Bewegung der Elektronen innerhalb dieser Orbitale eine wichtige Rolle. Mithilfe der gebogenen Pfeile können wichtige Merkmale dieser Wechselwirkungen und El (de) |
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Elektronenverschiebung (de) Arrow pushing (en) 箭头推动法 (zh) |
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