Declaration of nullity (original) (raw)
Stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa – instytucja prawa kanonicznego, polegająca na zbadaniu w trybie procesowym, czy małżeństwo zostało zawarte zgodnie z normami prawa kanonicznego.
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| dbo:abstract | Das Ehenichtigkeitsverfahren nach dem kanonischen Recht (umgangssprachlich auch Eheannullierung genannt) ist ein Verfahren, in dem vom zuständigen Gericht der katholischen Kirche die kirchenrechtliche Nichtigkeit der Ehe überprüft wird. Mit positivem Urteil („constat de nullitatis“) wird rechtswirksam festgestellt, dass die auf Wunsch einer oder beider Parteien überprüfte Ehe aus kirchlicher Sicht aufgrund der Ungültigkeit der Eheschließung nach katholischem Eherecht nicht gültig zustande gekommen ist. Die Nichtigkeitserklärung ist also keine Auflösung einer bestehenden Ehe, sondern die Feststellung der Tatsache, dass nach katholischem Verständnis von Anfang an keine gültige Ehe bestand, weil dem Eheabschluss eines der nach katholischem Verständnis konstitutiven Wesensmerkmale fehlte. Der Prozess wird gemäß der aktuell gültigen Eheprozessordnung (DC) in der Regel schriftlich geführt und der Gerichtshof besteht immer aus einem Kollegium von mindestens drei Richtern (Art. 48 DC) und dem Ehebandverteidiger (Art. 53). (de) In the Catholic Church, a declaration of nullity, commonly called an annulment and less commonly a decree of nullity, and by its detractors, a "Catholic divorce", is an ecclesiastical tribunal determination and judgment that a marriage was invalidly contracted or, less frequently, a judgment that ordination was invalidly conferred. A matrimonial nullity trial, governed by canon law, is a judicial process whereby a canonical tribunal determines whether the marriage was void at its inception (ab initio). A "Declaration of Nullity" is not the dissolution of an existing marriage (as is a dispensation from a marriage ratum sed non consummatum and an "annulment" in civil law), but rather a determination that consent was never validly exchanged due to a failure to meet the requirements to enter validly into matrimony and thus a marriage never existed. The Catholic Church teaches that, in a true marriage, one man and one woman become "one flesh" before the eyes of God. Various impediments can render a person unable to validly contract a marriage. Besides impediments, marriage consent can be rendered null due to invalidating factors such as simulation or deceit, or due to psychological incapacity. For this reason (amongst others) the Church, after an examination of the situation by the competent ecclesiastical tribunal, can declare the nullity of a marriage, i.e., that the marriage never existed. In this case the contracting parties are free to marry, provided the natural obligations of a previous union are discharged. — Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC 1629) In 2015, the process for declaring matrimonial nullity was amended by the matrimonial nullity trial reforms of Pope Francis, the broadest reforms to matrimonial nullity law in 300 years. Prior to the reforms, a declaration of nullity could only be effective if it had been so declared by two tribunals at different levels of jurisdiction. If the lower courts (First and Second Instance) were not in agreement, the case went automatically to the Roman Rota for final decision one way or another. (en) La reconnaissance de nullité du sacrement de mariage est constatée après qu'un mariage eût lieu malgré le soin apporté à vérifier que toutes les conditions requises pour sa célébration étaient présentes, et que malencontreusement au moins une était en réalité incorrecte et, en échappant à la vigilance de l’Église catholique, ce vice caché permit que soit célébré le mariage qui n'aurait pas dû se tenir. Pour qu'un mariage soit célébré, il doit requérir certaines conditions, et si on découvre après la célébration, qu'une de ces conditions requises a été falsifiée volontairement ou involontairement, le mariage n'est pas valide et ne l'a jamais été, même entre le temps du mariage et celui de la reconnaissance de nullité. Le mariage catholique est constaté « nul » et non pas « annulé », tout comme on ne dit pas non plus « divorce » ou « annulation du mariage » car ces termes reconnaissent que le mariage était valide jusqu'à sa reconnaissance de nullité. Ce n'est qu'après une enquête minutieuse que le tribunal collégial de trois juges constate qu'il n'y a pas eu sacrement en raison de l'absence d'au moins une condition requise au mariage. Si les deux personnes désirent rester ensemble, en cas de disparition des causes de nullité, le mariage peut être convalidé. Il existe des procédures particulières comme celle du Privilège de la Foi, ou encore de la dissolution du lien. En ce qui concerne les enfants issus du mariage, même si le mariage est déclaré nul, les enfants restent légitimes. (fr) Dalam Gereja Katolik, pernyataan nulitas (umumnya disebut anulasi dan terkadang disebut dekret nulitas) adalah penilaian dari yang menyatakan bahwa suatu ikatan perkawinan tidak valid, atau pada kasus yang kurang umum, penilaian bahwa suatu tahbisan suci diberikan secara tidak valid. Pengadilan nulitas perkawinan, yang mana diatur dalam dalam Gereja, adalah proses peradilan di mana tribunal (pengadilan) kanonik menentukan apakah suatu perkawinan tidak berlaku sejak awalnya (ab initio). "Pernyataan Nulitas" bukanlah pemutusan suatu ikatan perkawinan (seperti pada kasus dari suatu perkawinan , dan suatu "anulasi" yang umumnya disebut pembatalan dalam hukum sipil), tetapi penetapan bahwa kesepakatan nikah yang ada tidak pernah valid karena tidak memenuhi persyaratan untuk melangsungkan perkawinan secara valid dan dengan demikian perkawinan tidak pernah terjadi. Hakim Tribunal Keuskupan Denpasar Romo Dr. merangkumnya dengan kata-kata, "Pernyataan nulitas bukanlah suatu dissolusi dari ikatan perkawinan tetapi suatu observasi, atas nama Gereja, tentang ketiadaan perkawinan yang benar sejak permulaan." Gereja Katolik mengajarkan bahwa dalam suatu perkawinan yang sejati, seorang laki-laki dan seorang perempuan menjadi "satu daging" di hadapan Allah. Ada berbagai halangan yang membuat seseorang tidak dapat terikat dalam suatu perkawinan secara valid. Selain halangan-halangan tersebut, kesepakatan nikah dapat dianggap tidak pernah terjadi (null) karena faktor-faktor yang tidak valid seperti penipuan dan ketidakmampuan secara psikis. Karena alasan ini (atau karena alasan-alasan lain yang menyebabkan tidak sahnya perkawinan) Gereja, setelah pemeriksaan situasi oleh pengadilan gerejawi yang berwewenang, dapat menyatakan nulitas suatu perkawinan, yaitu bahwa perkawinan tersebut tidak pernah terjadi. Dalam hal ini kedua belah pihak bebas untuk kawin, asalkan kewajiban-kewajiban kodrati dari hubungan yang terdahulu dilaksanakan. - Katekismus Gereja Katolik 1629 Pada tahun 2015 proses untuk menyatakan nulitas perkawinan diubah dengan adanya , menjadikannya dipandang sebagai reformasi yang paling komprehensif atas hukum nulitas matrimonial selama 300 tahun terakhir.Sebelum reformasi tersebut, pernyataan nulitas hanya berlaku efektif jika telah dinyatakan demikian oleh dua pengadilan pada tingkatan yurisdiksi berbeda. Jika tidak ada kesepakatan dalam pengadilan-pengadilan yang lebih rendah (Instansi Pertama dan Kedua), kasusnya secara otomatis beralih ke Rota Romana untuk mendapatkan keputusan akhir. (in) Con dichiarazione di nullità del sacramento del matrimonio si intende quel riconoscimento legale ad opera del tribunale ecclesiastico che, in virtù del diritto canonico cattolico, riconosce la nullità del sacramento del matrimonio. Comunemente si parla di "annullamento della Rota", o addirittura di "divorzio cattolico", ma tecnicamente si tratta di un "riconoscimento di nullità". Infatti secondo la dottrina cattolica il matrimonio è uno e inscindibile, pertanto non possono sussistere motivi di annullamento o risoluzione del matrimonio stesso. Se invece viene verificata ex post la sussistenza di una causa di nullità, tale da viziare la validità del matrimonio contratto, il tribunale riconosce la nullità del vincolo e dichiara lo scioglimento dei coniugi dai diritti e dagli obblighi di coniugio. (it) Stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa – instytucja prawa kanonicznego, polegająca na zbadaniu w trybie procesowym, czy małżeństwo zostało zawarte zgodnie z normami prawa kanonicznego. (pl) Na Igreja Católica, uma declaração de nulidade, comumente chamada de anulação e menos comumente um decreto de nulidade, e por seus detratores, um "divórcio católico", é uma determinação do tribunal eclesiástico e julgamento de que um casamento foi contraído de forma inválida ou, menos frequentemente, um julgamento de que a ordenação foi conferida de forma inválida. Um julgamento de nulidade matrimonial, regido pelo direito canônico, é um processo judicial pelo qual um tribunal canônico determina se o casamento foi nulo em seu início ( ab initio ). Uma "Declaração de Nulidade" não é a dissolução de um casamento existente (como é uma dispensa de um casamento ratum sed non consummatum e uma "anulação" no direito civil), mas sim uma determinação de que o consentimento nunca foi validamente trocado devido a uma falha para cumprir os requisitos para entrar validamente em matrimônio e, portanto, um casamento nunca existiu. A Igreja Católica ensina que, em um casamento verdadeiro, um homem e uma mulher se tornam "uma só carne" diante dos olhos de Deus. Vários impedimentos podem tornar uma pessoa incapaz de contrair validamente um casamento. Além dos impedimentos, o consentimento matrimonial pode ser anulado por fatores invalidantes, como simulação ou dolo, ou por incapacidade psicológica. Por esta razão (entre outras) a Igreja, após exame da situação pelo tribunal eclesiástico competente, pode declarar a nulidade do matrimônio, ou seja, que o matrimônio nunca existiu. Neste caso, os contraentes são livres para se casarem, desde que sejam cumpridas as obrigações naturais de uma união anterior.— Catecismo da Igreja Católica (CIC 1629) Em 2015, o processo de declaração de nulidade matrimonial foi alterado pelas reformas do julgamento de nulidade matrimonial do Papa Francisco, as mais amplas reformas da lei de nulidade matrimonial em 300 anos. Antes das reformas, uma declaração de nulidade só poderia ser efetiva se tivesse sido declarada por dois tribunais de diferentes níveis de jurisdição. Se os tribunais inferiores (Primeira e Segunda Instância) não estivessem de acordo, o processo ia automaticamente para a Rota Romana para decisão final de uma forma ou de outra. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | Stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa – instytucja prawa kanonicznego, polegająca na zbadaniu w trybie procesowym, czy małżeństwo zostało zawarte zgodnie z normami prawa kanonicznego. (pl) In the Catholic Church, a declaration of nullity, commonly called an annulment and less commonly a decree of nullity, and by its detractors, a "Catholic divorce", is an ecclesiastical tribunal determination and judgment that a marriage was invalidly contracted or, less frequently, a judgment that ordination was invalidly conferred. — Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC 1629) (en) Das Ehenichtigkeitsverfahren nach dem kanonischen Recht (umgangssprachlich auch Eheannullierung genannt) ist ein Verfahren, in dem vom zuständigen Gericht der katholischen Kirche die kirchenrechtliche Nichtigkeit der Ehe überprüft wird. Mit positivem Urteil („constat de nullitatis“) wird rechtswirksam festgestellt, dass die auf Wunsch einer oder beider Parteien überprüfte Ehe aus kirchlicher Sicht aufgrund der Ungültigkeit der Eheschließung nach katholischem Eherecht nicht gültig zustande gekommen ist. Die Nichtigkeitserklärung ist also keine Auflösung einer bestehenden Ehe, sondern die Feststellung der Tatsache, dass nach katholischem Verständnis von Anfang an keine gültige Ehe bestand, weil dem Eheabschluss eines der nach katholischem Verständnis konstitutiven Wesensmerkmale fehlte. Der (de) La reconnaissance de nullité du sacrement de mariage est constatée après qu'un mariage eût lieu malgré le soin apporté à vérifier que toutes les conditions requises pour sa célébration étaient présentes, et que malencontreusement au moins une était en réalité incorrecte et, en échappant à la vigilance de l’Église catholique, ce vice caché permit que soit célébré le mariage qui n'aurait pas dû se tenir. Ce n'est qu'après une enquête minutieuse que le tribunal collégial de trois juges constate qu'il n'y a pas eu sacrement en raison de l'absence d'au moins une condition requise au mariage. (fr) Dalam Gereja Katolik, pernyataan nulitas (umumnya disebut anulasi dan terkadang disebut dekret nulitas) adalah penilaian dari yang menyatakan bahwa suatu ikatan perkawinan tidak valid, atau pada kasus yang kurang umum, penilaian bahwa suatu tahbisan suci diberikan secara tidak valid. (in) Con dichiarazione di nullità del sacramento del matrimonio si intende quel riconoscimento legale ad opera del tribunale ecclesiastico che, in virtù del diritto canonico cattolico, riconosce la nullità del sacramento del matrimonio. (it) Na Igreja Católica, uma declaração de nulidade, comumente chamada de anulação e menos comumente um decreto de nulidade, e por seus detratores, um "divórcio católico", é uma determinação do tribunal eclesiástico e julgamento de que um casamento foi contraído de forma inválida ou, menos frequentemente, um julgamento de que a ordenação foi conferida de forma inválida. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Deklarace nulity (cs) Ehenichtigkeit (Kirchenrecht) (de) Declaration of nullity (en) Reconnaissance de nullité du sacrement de mariage (fr) Pernyataan nulitas (in) Dichiarazione di nullità del sacramento del matrimonio (it) Stwierdzenie nieważności małżeństwa (pl) Declaração de nulidade (pt) |
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