Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (original) (raw)
La conquête des Îles Banda par les Néerlandais, également appelée le massacre de Banda, est une conquête militaire qui, en 1621, aboutit à l'occupation des îles Banda par la compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales, ainsi qu'une sévère perte de population sur ces îles, dont les habitants ont péri des suites de la guerre, par la famine, ainsi que par des massacres et des déportations perpétrées par les conquérants néerlandais.
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| dbo:abstract | كان الغزو الهولندي لجزر باندا عملية غزو عسكري لجزر باندا امتدت منذ عام 1609 حتى عام 1621 قامت به شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية. شعر الهولنديون، بعد أن احتكروا في الجزر إنتاج جوزة الطيب المربح للغاية، بالخوف إزاء المقاومة الباندية للتعليمات الهولندية ببيع الإنتاج للهولنديين فقط. وفّر موت ضابط هولندي على يدي مقاوم باندي ذريعة حرب لغزو قسري للجزر. أصبحت الجزر خالية من السكان نتيجة القتال والمجاعة والمجازر والترحيل القسري من قبل الهولنديين. كانت شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية، التي أسست عام 1602 إثر اندماج 12 شركة تجارية، تمتلك مصالح مالية كبرى في جنوب شرق آسيا البحري، مصدر توابل مربحة للغاية كان ثمة طلب كبير عليها في أوروبا. كانت بعثة هولندية قد أقامت صلات مسبقًا مع الجزر في عام 1599، ووقعت عدة عقود مع زعماء بانديين. ازدادت ربحية التوابل من حقيقة أنها لم تنمو في أي مكان آخر على الأرض، مما جعلها ذات قيمة كبيرة لمن يتحكم بها. مع مقاومة البانديين لمحاولة الهولنديين احتكار التوابل ومنعهم من البيع لأي مجموعة أخرى، قرر الهولنديون احتلال الجزر بالقوة. وبمساعدة المرتزقة اليابانيين، شن الهولنديون عدة حملات عسكرية ضد البانديين. بلغ الغزو ذروته في مذبحة باندا، التي شهدت مقتل 2800 باندي واستعباد 1700 من قبل الهولنديين. إلى جانب الجوع والقتال المستمر، شعر البانديون أنهم لا يستطيعون الاستمرار في مقاومة الهولنديين وتفاوضوا على الاستسلام عام 1621. رحّل يان بيترسزون كوين، الضابط المسؤول عن القتال، البانديين المتبقين البالغ عددهم 1000 إلى باتافيا. مع انتهاء مقاومة البانديين، ضمن الهولنديون احتكاراتهم الثمينة لتجارة التوابل. (ar) The Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands was a process of military conquest from 1609 to 1621 by the Dutch East India Company of the Banda Islands. The Dutch, having enforced a monopoly on the highly lucrative nutmeg production from the islands, were impatient with Bandanese resistance to Dutch instructions that the Bandanese sell only to them. The Dutch used the death of a Dutch official as a casus belli for a forcible conquest of the islands. The islands became severely depopulated as a result of the massacres and forced deportations by the Dutch. The Dutch East India Company, which was founded in 1602 as an amalgamation of 12 voorcompagnies, had extensive financial interests in maritime Southeast Asia, the source of highly profitable spices which were in high demand in Europe. A Dutch expedition had already made contact with the islands in 1599, signing several contracts with Bandanese chiefs. The profitability of the spices was heightened by the fact that they grew nowhere else on Earth, making them extremely valuable to whoever controlled them. As the Dutch attempted to form a monopoly over the spices and forbid the Bandanese from selling to any other group, they resisted, and the Dutch decided to conquer the islands by force. With the aid of Japanese mercenaries, the Dutch launched several military expeditions against the Bandanese. The conquest culminated in the Banda massacre, which saw 2,800 Bandanese killed and 1,700 enslaved by the Dutch. Along with starvation and constant fighting, the Bandanese felt they could not continue to resist the Dutch and negotiated a surrender in 1621. Jan Pieterszoon Coen, the official in charge of the fighting, expelled the remaining 1,000 Bandanese to Batavia. With the Bandanese resistance ended, the Dutch secured their valuable monopoly on the spice trade. (en) Penaklukan Kepulauan Banda oleh Belanda dilancarkan oleh Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC, "Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda") sejak 1609 hingga 1621. Kepulauan Banda sebelumnya merupakan bagian dari jaringan perdagangan yang besar di Nusantara. Pada tahun 1609, VOC menuntut monopoli atas perdagangan pala dan fuli di Kepulauan Banda. Rempah-rempah ini sangat menguntungkan untuk dijual di Eropa pada masa itu karena tidak dapat ditemui di tempat lain di dunia. Para orang kaya Banda menolak tuntutan ini. Orang-orang Banda sendiri bergantung pada perdagangan internasional karena mereka perlu mengimpor makanan dan komoditas-komoditas penting lainnya. Pembunuhan seorang pejabat VOC yang bernama Pieter Willemszoon Verhoeff kemudian menjadi alasan bagi VOC untuk memulai perang. Setelah menjarah beberapa desa di Pulau Banda Neira, Belanda menyepakati perjanjian perdamaian dengan orang Banda dan mendirikan Benteng Nassau di pulau tersebut pada tahun 1609. Namun, orang-orang Banda membenci monopoli Belanda, sehingga mereka mengabaikan monopoli tersebut dan mulai berdagang dengan Inggris dan pedagang-pedagang Nusantara lainnya. Belanda lalu melancarkan ekspedisi untuk menaklukkan Pulau Ay. Walaupun sempat mengalami kegagalan, pada tahun 1616, VOC berhasil menaklukkan pulau tersebut dan membunuh semua penduduk asli yang melawan. Walaupun VOC sengaja menghukum penduduk Pulau Ay untuk menakut-nakuti penduduk pulau-pulau lain, masyarakat Banda masih berusaha melawan. Pada Desember 1616, orang-orang Banda di Pulau Rhun mendapatkan bantuan dari Inggris dan bahkan bersedia menerima kedaulatan Raja James I untuk mempertahankan diri dari ancaman Belanda. Namun, VOC membalasnya dengan menyerang Pulau Rhun. Walaupun Inggris mampu bertahan selama lebih dari empat tahun, pada akhirnya pulau tersebut jatuh ke tangan Belanda. Sesudah itu, Belanda membantai dan memperbudak semua laki-laki dewasa di pulau ini, dan semua pohon pala di Pulau Rhun juga ditebang. Orang-orang Banda di Pulau Lontor (atau Banda Besar) juga mengabaikan monopoli VOC. Akibatnya, Gubernur Jenderal VOC Jan Pieterszoon Coen melancarkan ekspedisi ke pulau tersebut pada tahun 1621. Ekspedisi ini berujung pada pembantaian Banda yang menewaskan sekitar 2.500 orang Banda dan mengakibatkan 1.700 warga Banda lainnya diperbudak oleh VOC. Orang-orang Banda yang tersisa diasingkan ke Batavia dan banyak di antara mereka yang diperbudak di sana. Dengan padamnya perlawanan rakyat Banda, VOC berhasil menguasai perdagangan rempah-rempah, sementara Inggris secara resmi mencabut klaimnya atas Pulau Rhun sesuai ketentuan Perjanjian Breda tahun 1667. (in) La conquête des Îles Banda par les Néerlandais, également appelée le massacre de Banda, est une conquête militaire qui, en 1621, aboutit à l'occupation des îles Banda par la compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales, ainsi qu'une sévère perte de population sur ces îles, dont les habitants ont péri des suites de la guerre, par la famine, ainsi que par des massacres et des déportations perpétrées par les conquérants néerlandais. (fr) La conquista olandese delle isole Banda, fu uno scontro militare tra le armate della Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali e la Repubblica delle Sette Province Unite ed i guerrieri bandanesi supportati dal Regno d'Inghilterra e dalla East India Company. La serie di scontri avvennero tra il maggio del 1609 e la fine del 1621 presso le Isole Banda, in Asia sudorientale. Gli olandesi, avendo stabilito un monopolio altamente lucrativo della produzione di noce moscata nelle Isole Banda, vennero colpiti dalla resistenza dei bandanesi locali che volevano averne l'esclusiva. La morte di , ufficiale olandese, per mano bandanese, offrì il casus belli per una conquista forzosa delle isole. Le isole furono fortemente spopolate dalla guerra, dalla fame e dai massacri oltre che dalle deportazioni forzate per mano degli olandesi. La Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali (VOC), fondata nel 1602 amalgamando tra loro 12 precedenti, aveva un notevole interesse economico nei mari del sudest asiatico, fonte per il lucrativo commercio delle spezie di cui vi era una notevole richiesta in Europa. Una spedizione olandese aveva preso i primi contatti con le isole nel 1599, siglando diversi contratti coi locali capi bandanesi. L'alto profitto tratto dal commercio delle spezie era dovuto anche al fatto che esse crescevano unicamente in quei luoghi ed era quindi estremamente importante controllarle. Quando gli olandesi cercarono di creare il loro monopolio nell'area, impedendo ai bandanesi di vendere tali prodotti ad altri gruppi, questi ultimi opposero resistenza e gli olandesi decisero di conquistare il gruppo di isole con la forza. Con l'aiuto di mercenari giapponesi, gli olandesi lanciarono diverse spedizioni militari contro i bandanesi. La conquista culminò col massacro di Banda dove 2800 bandanesi e 1700 schiavi vennero uccisi dagli olandesi. Tra la fame e le lotte costanti, i bandandesi decisero infine di arrendersi nel 1621. Jan Pieterszoon Coen, comandante delle truppe olandesi, espulse i restanti 1000 bandanesi da Batavia. Con la fine della resistenza bandanese, gli olandesi si assicurarono il monopolio del commercio delle spezie in Asia sudorientale. (it) De verovering van de Banda-eilanden door de VOC, met als slotepisode het bloedbad van Banda van 1621, was de geleidelijke militaire verovering van de Banda-eilanden door de Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) van 1609 tot 1621. De eilanden werden grotendeels ontvolkt door de gevechten, hongersnoden, moordpartijen en deportatie. Hiermee werd het door de VOC gewenste monopolie op de specerijenhandel afgedwongen, met name de handel in nootmuskaat, foelie en kruidnagel. (nl) |
| dbo:causalties | Unknown |
| dbo:combatant | Supported by: 1600–1707|25pxEast India Company (VOC) Bandanese fighters Japanese mercenaries |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Gerard_Reynst dbr:Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen dbr:Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein dbr:Pieter_Willemsz._Verhoeff |
| dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict | dbr:Western_imperialism_in_Asia |
| dbo:place | dbr:Lontor_(island) dbr:Banda_Islands |
| dbo:result | Dutch victory VOC victory |
| dbo:strength | ---- Unknown Unknown. Total population including civilians estimated 15,000 2,000 combatants 2,500–3,000 civilians |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Kaart_van_de_Banda-eilanden,_1599,_RP-P-OB-75.391.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=lK0GEAAAQBAJ&dq https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=4fEUAQAAIAAJ%7Cyear=1998%7Cpublisher= https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=DgLpAAAAIAAJ%7Cyear=1993%7Cpublisher= https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=OrFwAAAAMAAJ%7Cyear=1978%7Cpublisher=Institute |
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| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1119957601 (xsd:integer) |
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| dbp:caption | Dutch map of the Banda Islands, dated c. 1599–1619 (en) |
| dbp:casualties | Unknown (en) c. 14,000 dead, enslaved or fled elsewhere (en) |
| dbp:combatant | 1600 (xsd:integer) Supported by: (en) Bandanese fighters (en) Japanese mercenaries (en) |
| dbp:commander | dbr:Gerard_Reynst dbr:Jan_Pieterszoon_Coen dbr:Piet_Pieterszoon_Hein dbr:Pieter_Willemsz._Verhoeff Unknown (en) Jan Dirkszoon Lam (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Banda Massacre (en) Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (en) |
| dbp:date | 0001-03-07 (xsd:gMonthDay) May 1609 – late 1621 (en) |
| dbp:imageSize | 300 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:partof | the Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (en) the European colonization of Asia (en) |
| dbp:place | dbr:Lontor_(island) dbr:Banda_Islands |
| dbp:result | Dutch victory (en) VOC victory (en) |
| dbp:strength | 2000 (xsd:integer) Unknown (en) Unknown. Total population including civilians estimated 15,000 (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | La conquête des Îles Banda par les Néerlandais, également appelée le massacre de Banda, est une conquête militaire qui, en 1621, aboutit à l'occupation des îles Banda par la compagnie néerlandaise des Indes orientales, ainsi qu'une sévère perte de population sur ces îles, dont les habitants ont péri des suites de la guerre, par la famine, ainsi que par des massacres et des déportations perpétrées par les conquérants néerlandais. (fr) De verovering van de Banda-eilanden door de VOC, met als slotepisode het bloedbad van Banda van 1621, was de geleidelijke militaire verovering van de Banda-eilanden door de Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC) van 1609 tot 1621. De eilanden werden grotendeels ontvolkt door de gevechten, hongersnoden, moordpartijen en deportatie. Hiermee werd het door de VOC gewenste monopolie op de specerijenhandel afgedwongen, met name de handel in nootmuskaat, foelie en kruidnagel. (nl) كان الغزو الهولندي لجزر باندا عملية غزو عسكري لجزر باندا امتدت منذ عام 1609 حتى عام 1621 قامت به شركة الهند الشرقية الهولندية. شعر الهولنديون، بعد أن احتكروا في الجزر إنتاج جوزة الطيب المربح للغاية، بالخوف إزاء المقاومة الباندية للتعليمات الهولندية ببيع الإنتاج للهولنديين فقط. وفّر موت ضابط هولندي على يدي مقاوم باندي ذريعة حرب لغزو قسري للجزر. أصبحت الجزر خالية من السكان نتيجة القتال والمجاعة والمجازر والترحيل القسري من قبل الهولنديين. (ar) The Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands was a process of military conquest from 1609 to 1621 by the Dutch East India Company of the Banda Islands. The Dutch, having enforced a monopoly on the highly lucrative nutmeg production from the islands, were impatient with Bandanese resistance to Dutch instructions that the Bandanese sell only to them. The Dutch used the death of a Dutch official as a casus belli for a forcible conquest of the islands. The islands became severely depopulated as a result of the massacres and forced deportations by the Dutch. (en) Penaklukan Kepulauan Banda oleh Belanda dilancarkan oleh Vereenigde Oostindische Compagnie (VOC, "Perusahaan Hindia Timur Belanda") sejak 1609 hingga 1621. Kepulauan Banda sebelumnya merupakan bagian dari jaringan perdagangan yang besar di Nusantara. Pada tahun 1609, VOC menuntut monopoli atas perdagangan pala dan fuli di Kepulauan Banda. Rempah-rempah ini sangat menguntungkan untuk dijual di Eropa pada masa itu karena tidak dapat ditemui di tempat lain di dunia. Para orang kaya Banda menolak tuntutan ini. Orang-orang Banda sendiri bergantung pada perdagangan internasional karena mereka perlu mengimpor makanan dan komoditas-komoditas penting lainnya. Pembunuhan seorang pejabat VOC yang bernama Pieter Willemszoon Verhoeff kemudian menjadi alasan bagi VOC untuk memulai perang. (in) La conquista olandese delle isole Banda, fu uno scontro militare tra le armate della Compagnia olandese delle Indie orientali e la Repubblica delle Sette Province Unite ed i guerrieri bandanesi supportati dal Regno d'Inghilterra e dalla East India Company. La serie di scontri avvennero tra il maggio del 1609 e la fine del 1621 presso le Isole Banda, in Asia sudorientale. (it) |
| rdfs:label | الغزو الهولندي لجزر باندا (ar) Dutch conquest of the Banda Islands (en) Penaklukan Kepulauan Banda oleh Belanda (in) Conquête des îles Banda par les Néerlandais (fr) Conquista olandese delle isole Banda (it) Verovering door VOC van de Banda-eilanden (nl) |
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