EPO 362 (original) (raw)
Emergency Powers (No. 362) Order 1945 or EPO 362 (Statutory Rules and Orders No. 198 of 1945) was an Irish ministerial order which penalised members of the Irish Defence Forces who had deserted since the beginning of the Emergency proclaimed at the start of World War II, during which the state was neutral. The order deprived those affected of pension entitlements and unemployment benefits accrued prior to their desertion, and prohibited them from employment in the public sector for a period of seven years. Most of those affected had deserted to join the armed forces of belligerents: in almost all cases those of the Allies, and mainly the British Armed Forces.
| Property | Value |
|---|---|
| dbo:abstract | Emergency Powers (No. 362) Order 1945 or EPO 362 (Statutory Rules and Orders No. 198 of 1945) was an Irish ministerial order which penalised members of the Irish Defence Forces who had deserted since the beginning of the Emergency proclaimed at the start of World War II, during which the state was neutral. The order deprived those affected of pension entitlements and unemployment benefits accrued prior to their desertion, and prohibited them from employment in the public sector for a period of seven years. Most of those affected had deserted to join the armed forces of belligerents: in almost all cases those of the Allies, and mainly the British Armed Forces. The order was made on 8 August 1945 by Éamon de Valera as Taoiseach in the then Government, using power granted to the government under the Emergency Powers Act 1939 passed on the outbreak of the War. It was revoked with effect from 1 August 1946, a month before the 1939 act lapsed; but it was in effect continued by section 13 of the Defence Forces (Temporary Provisions) Act, 1946. While some deserters had been court-martialled by the time the order was issued, most were abroad: some still on active service, others demobilised but afraid to return. For such people, the order forestalled any court-martial or consequent punishment. The order only applied to members of the Army Reserve or who had enlisted for the duration of the Emergency; pre-war soldiers who deserted remained liable to court-martial. Canny lists four motivations for the order: as positive discrimination for those who had remained in the Defence Forces; to deter future desertions; to allow deserters to return to Ireland; and to provide a simpler, cheaper alternative to courts-martial. A list of personnel affected by the order was maintained by the government; it was published in 2011. Bernard Kelly has called the order "a highly pragmatic piece of political calculation". On 18 October 1945, T. F. O'Higgins proposed in the Dáil, seconded by Patrick McGilligan, that the order be annulled, and dubbed it the starvation order because of the hardship imposed. Richard Mulcahy objected that only enlisted men were covered, not officers. Matthew O'Reilly argued the order's penalties were in fact more lenient than those to which deserters would otherwise have been subject under military law. Canny states that in practice those covered by the order were more severely treated than those already arrested and tried. O'Higgins' motion was defeated. The Exchange Telegraph report on the motion was published in many foreign newspapers, causing Joseph Walshe to complain that it gave "a mere routine measure of Army administration the character of an act of political vengeance". In the 2000s a campaign began for pardons for those who deserted to join the Allied forces. The Defence Forces (Second World War Amnesty and Immunity) Act 2013 provided an amnesty rather than a pardon, because the Constitution of Ireland provides that a pardon can only be granted individually by the President. The amnesty covered 4,634 people affected by the 1945 order or the 1946 act, and about 2,500 others who had been court-martialled or prosecuted in court. Michael Kennedy of the Royal Irish Academy has called for study of the motives and backgrounds of those who deserted, noting that desertion was highest in units near the Irish border. (en) |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://opac.oireachtas.ie/AWData/Library3/Library2/DL052121.pdf https://www.academia.edu/5007204 |
| dbo:wikiPageID | 34228051 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageLength | 9337 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger) |
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID | 1109366875 (xsd:integer) |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink | dbr:Amnesty dbc:Desertion dbr:President_of_Ireland dbr:Royal_Irish_Academy dbc:1945_in_law dbc:Independent_Ireland_in_World_War_II dbc:Ireland_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations dbr:Joseph_Walshe dbr:Patrick_McGilligan_(Fine_Gael_politician) dbr:Reserve_Defence_Forces dbr:Richard_Mulcahy dbr:Unemployment_benefits dbr:Desertion dbr:Constitution_of_Ireland dbr:Matthew_O'Reilly dbc:Ireland–United_Kingdom_relations dbr:Government_of_the_12th_Dáil dbr:Thomas_F._O'Higgins dbc:Military_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland dbc:Military_justice dbr:Éamon_de_Valera dbr:Emergency_Powers_Act_1939 dbr:Pardon dbr:British_Armed_Forces dbr:Ministerial_order dbr:Academia.edu dbr:Allies_of_World_War_II dbr:Dáil_Éireann dbr:Irish_Defence_Forces dbr:Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II dbr:Taoiseach dbr:Court-martial dbr:Statutory_Rules_and_Orders dbr:Enlisted_men dbr:Officer_(armed_forces) dbr:World_War_II dbr:Public_sector dbr:Exchange_Telegraph dbr:Irish_border dbr:Emergency_(Ireland) dbr:Military_law dbr:Positive_discrimination |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate | dbt:Cite_journal dbt:Cite_web dbt:EngvarB dbt:Reflist dbt:Use_dmy_dates |
| dcterms:subject | dbc:Desertion dbc:1945_in_law dbc:Independent_Ireland_in_World_War_II dbc:Ireland_and_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations dbc:Ireland–United_Kingdom_relations dbc:Military_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland dbc:Military_justice |
| gold:hypernym | dbr:Order |
| rdf:type | dbo:Eukaryote |
| rdfs:comment | Emergency Powers (No. 362) Order 1945 or EPO 362 (Statutory Rules and Orders No. 198 of 1945) was an Irish ministerial order which penalised members of the Irish Defence Forces who had deserted since the beginning of the Emergency proclaimed at the start of World War II, during which the state was neutral. The order deprived those affected of pension entitlements and unemployment benefits accrued prior to their desertion, and prohibited them from employment in the public sector for a period of seven years. Most of those affected had deserted to join the armed forces of belligerents: in almost all cases those of the Allies, and mainly the British Armed Forces. (en) |
| rdfs:label | EPO 362 (en) |
| owl:sameAs | freebase:EPO 362 wikidata:EPO 362 https://global.dbpedia.org/id/4vVtR |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom | wikipedia-en:EPO_362?oldid=1109366875&ns=0 |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf | wikipedia-en:EPO_362 |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects of | dbr:Defence_Forces_(Second_World_War_Amnesty_and_Immunity)_Act_2013 dbr:Starvation_Order dbr:Emergency_Powers_(No._362)_Order_1945 dbr:Emergency_Powers_Order_362 |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink of | dbr:Defence_Forces_(Second_World_War_Amnesty_and_Immunity)_Act_2013 dbr:Desertion dbr:Starvation_Order dbr:Éamon_de_Valera dbr:Emergency_Powers_Act_1939 dbr:Irish_in_the_British_Armed_Forces dbr:The_Emergency_(Ireland) dbr:Emergency_Powers_(No._362)_Order_1945 dbr:Emergency_Powers_Order_362 |
| is foaf:primaryTopic of | wikipedia-en:EPO_362 |