Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing (original) (raw)
(بالإنجليزية: Reasonable and non-discriminatory terms (RAND)) أما بالعربي ، نتحدث عن رخص معقولة وغير تمييزية عندما يعتبر أن تكاليف التراخيص ، والالتزامات القانونية أو أي شكل من أشكال القيود ليست مكلفة. غالبا ما تكون براءات الاختراع أساسية و تعتبر حتى من قبل هيئات المعايير التي تطلب من صاحب الاختراع منح التراخيص بسعر معقول.
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| dbo:abstract | (بالإنجليزية: Reasonable and non-discriminatory terms (RAND)) أما بالعربي ، نتحدث عن رخص معقولة وغير تمييزية عندما يعتبر أن تكاليف التراخيص ، والالتزامات القانونية أو أي شكل من أشكال القيود ليست مكلفة. غالبا ما تكون براءات الاختراع أساسية و تعتبر حتى من قبل هيئات المعايير التي تطلب من صاحب الاختراع منح التراخيص بسعر معقول. (ar) Als FRAND (für englisch: Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory, übersetzt: fair, angemessen und diskriminierungsfrei) werden Lizenzbedingungen für Patente und ähnliche breite bezeichnet, bei denen die Patentinhaber von den Nutzern eines Standards in einer sanften Weise Gebühren erhalten, die die Akzeptanz des Standards nicht unnötig gefährdet. Man könnte auch von Standards mit einheitlicher Gebührenregelung oder, vereinfacht, Bezahl-Standards sprechen. Das üblicherweise individuell durchgeführte Lizenzierungsverfahren wird damit in einer Form verallgemeinert, die das Verfahren faktisch wie eine Warenbestellung ablaufen lässt und für den Lizenznehmer dadurch ebenso überschaubar wie berechenbar macht. Staffelungen nach Anwendungsgebiet oder Stückzahlen sind möglich. (de) En français, on parle de licence raisonnable et non discriminatoire lorsqu'il est considéré que les coûts de licences, les obligations légales ou toutes formes de contraintes ne sont pas trop importants. Il s'agit souvent d'un brevet essentiel jugé ainsi par les organismes de normalisation qui imposent au détenteur de ce brevet d'accorder des licences d'utilisation pour un prix raisonnable. (fr) Reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms, also known as fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, denote a voluntary licensing commitment that standards organizations often request from the owner of an intellectual property right (usually a patent) that is, or may become, essential to practice a technical standard. Put differently, a F/RAND commitment is a voluntary agreement between the standard-setting organization and the holder of standard-essential patents. U.S. courts, as well as courts in other jurisdictions, have found that, in appropriate circumstances, the implementer of a standard—that is, a firm or entity that uses a standard to render a service or manufacture a product—is an intended third-party beneficiary of the FRAND agreement, and, as such, is entitled to certain rights conferred by that agreement. A standard-setting organization is an industry group that sets common standards for its particular industry to ensure compatibility and interoperability of devices manufactured by different companies. A patent becomes standard-essential when a standard-setting organization sets a standard that adopts the technology that the patent covers. Because a patent, under most countries' legal regimes, grants its owner an exclusive right to exclude others from making, using, selling, or importing the invention, a standard-setting organization generally must obtain permission from the patent holder to include a patented technology in its standard. So, it will often request that a patent holder clarify its willingness to offer to license its standard-essential patents on FRAND terms. If the patent holder refuses upon request to license a patent that has become essential to a standard, then the standard-setting organization must exclude that technology. When viewed in this light, the FRAND commitment serves to harmonize the private interests of patent holders and the public interests of standard-setting organizations. Many scholars have written about these topics, as well as a variety of other legal and economic issues concerning licensing on F/RAND terms. (en) FRAND(Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory, 프렌드)는 '공정하고, 합리적이고, 비차별적인'을 줄인 말이다. 공정함을 합리에 포함시켜 RAND라고도 한다. 표준이 된 특허기술의 권리자가 경쟁사에게 차별적인 사용조건을 적용하여 발생할 수 있는 불공정 행위를 방지하는 것을 목적으로 한다. (유럽전기통신표준협회)가 제정한 특허기술 사용에 관한 조항에 포함되면서 널리 쓰이게 됐다. (ko) RANDライセンス は、標準化プロセスでよく使用されるライセンス方式の一種である。RANDはReasonable And Non-Discriminatory（妥当で差別のない）の略。FRANDライセンス （FRANDはFair, Reasonable And Non-Discriminatory（公平、妥当かつ差別のないライセンス）とも呼ばれる。 (ja) FRAND-patent (från engelskans fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms) är patent och tillverkningslicenser som är öppna för alla tillverkare att använda till rättvis och rimlig licenskostnad, utan handelshinder. FRAND-patent ingår ofta i öppna standarder, och krävs ofta av standardiseringsorgan för medlemmar som bidrar till standardiseringsprocessen. Standardiseringsorgan är de industrigrupper som skapar standarder för olika industrier för att säkerställa kompatibilitet och möjlighet att samköra utrustning utvecklad av olika företag. (sv) Разумное и Не Дискриминационное лицензирование (РиНД) (англ. Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory, RAND) — термин, использующийся при процессах стандартизации. В общем случае это означает то, что присоединяющиеся к процессу стандартизации компании соглашаются, что, если они получают какие-нибудь патенты на технологии, входящие в стандарт, то они разрешают другим использовать эти патенты на одинаковых условиях, а также то, что если ограничения будут, то будут разумными. Такое лицензирование позволяет брать с пользователей патентов «разумную» плату за каждого покупателя, и поэтому может быть несовместимо с понятием свободы программного обеспечения. Фонд свободного программного обеспечения предлагает заменить термин на «uniform fee only» (только единообразный платёж), сокращённо «UFO». (ru) |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.3glicensing.com/ http://www.w3.org/TR/patent-practice http://www.natlawreview.com/article/why-can-t-they-be-frands-concerns-about-international-trade-commission-itc-s-approac%7Caccess-date=March https://www.bristows.com/news/a-changing-frand-landscape/ http://www.consortiuminfo.org/standardsblog/article.php%3Fstory=20120221074826486 http://btlj.org/data/articles/27_2/209-240_Chia_Final_071012_WEB.pdf https://web.archive.org/web/20090703014428/http:/jiplp.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/jpm212v1%3Fpapetoc |
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| rdfs:comment | (بالإنجليزية: Reasonable and non-discriminatory terms (RAND)) أما بالعربي ، نتحدث عن رخص معقولة وغير تمييزية عندما يعتبر أن تكاليف التراخيص ، والالتزامات القانونية أو أي شكل من أشكال القيود ليست مكلفة. غالبا ما تكون براءات الاختراع أساسية و تعتبر حتى من قبل هيئات المعايير التي تطلب من صاحب الاختراع منح التراخيص بسعر معقول. (ar) Als FRAND (für englisch: Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory, übersetzt: fair, angemessen und diskriminierungsfrei) werden Lizenzbedingungen für Patente und ähnliche breite bezeichnet, bei denen die Patentinhaber von den Nutzern eines Standards in einer sanften Weise Gebühren erhalten, die die Akzeptanz des Standards nicht unnötig gefährdet. Man könnte auch von Standards mit einheitlicher Gebührenregelung oder, vereinfacht, Bezahl-Standards sprechen. Das üblicherweise individuell durchgeführte Lizenzierungsverfahren wird damit in einer Form verallgemeinert, die das Verfahren faktisch wie eine Warenbestellung ablaufen lässt und für den Lizenznehmer dadurch ebenso überschaubar wie berechenbar macht. Staffelungen nach Anwendungsgebiet oder Stückzahlen sind möglich. (de) En français, on parle de licence raisonnable et non discriminatoire lorsqu'il est considéré que les coûts de licences, les obligations légales ou toutes formes de contraintes ne sont pas trop importants. Il s'agit souvent d'un brevet essentiel jugé ainsi par les organismes de normalisation qui imposent au détenteur de ce brevet d'accorder des licences d'utilisation pour un prix raisonnable. (fr) FRAND(Fair, Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory, 프렌드)는 '공정하고, 합리적이고, 비차별적인'을 줄인 말이다. 공정함을 합리에 포함시켜 RAND라고도 한다. 표준이 된 특허기술의 권리자가 경쟁사에게 차별적인 사용조건을 적용하여 발생할 수 있는 불공정 행위를 방지하는 것을 목적으로 한다. (유럽전기통신표준협회)가 제정한 특허기술 사용에 관한 조항에 포함되면서 널리 쓰이게 됐다. (ko) RANDライセンス は、標準化プロセスでよく使用されるライセンス方式の一種である。RANDはReasonable And Non-Discriminatory（妥当で差別のない）の略。FRANDライセンス （FRANDはFair, Reasonable And Non-Discriminatory（公平、妥当かつ差別のないライセンス）とも呼ばれる。 (ja) FRAND-patent (från engelskans fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory terms) är patent och tillverkningslicenser som är öppna för alla tillverkare att använda till rättvis och rimlig licenskostnad, utan handelshinder. FRAND-patent ingår ofta i öppna standarder, och krävs ofta av standardiseringsorgan för medlemmar som bidrar till standardiseringsprocessen. Standardiseringsorgan är de industrigrupper som skapar standarder för olika industrier för att säkerställa kompatibilitet och möjlighet att samköra utrustning utvecklad av olika företag. (sv) Reasonable and non-discriminatory (RAND) terms, also known as fair, reasonable, and non-discriminatory (FRAND) terms, denote a voluntary licensing commitment that standards organizations often request from the owner of an intellectual property right (usually a patent) that is, or may become, essential to practice a technical standard. Put differently, a F/RAND commitment is a voluntary agreement between the standard-setting organization and the holder of standard-essential patents. U.S. courts, as well as courts in other jurisdictions, have found that, in appropriate circumstances, the implementer of a standard—that is, a firm or entity that uses a standard to render a service or manufacture a product—is an intended third-party beneficiary of the FRAND agreement, and, as such, is entitled (en) Разумное и Не Дискриминационное лицензирование (РиНД) (англ. Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory, RAND) — термин, использующийся при процессах стандартизации. В общем случае это означает то, что присоединяющиеся к процессу стандартизации компании соглашаются, что, если они получают какие-нибудь патенты на технологии, входящие в стандарт, то они разрешают другим использовать эти патенты на одинаковых условиях, а также то, что если ограничения будут, то будут разумными. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | معقولة وغير تمييزية (ar) FRAND (de) Reasonable and non-discriminatory (fr) FRAND (ko) RANDライセンス (ja) Reasonable and non-discriminatory licensing (en) Reasonable and Non-Discriminatory (ru) FRAND-patent (sv) |
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