Garden-path sentence (original) (raw)
Een intuinzin (Engels garden path sentence) is een opzettelijk misleidende zin die speelt met metaforische betekenissen van woorden of met homonymie, zodat tijdens het lezen een herinterpretatie optreedt.
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| dbo:abstract | Der Holzwegeffekt (englisch garden path effect) bezeichnet das Phänomen, wenn ein Leser bei einem sprachlichen Ausdruck mit mehreren Lesarten während des schrittweisen Verstehens zunächst die falsche Lesart wählt und sich im weiteren Verlauf berichtigt, da er den Fehler aus dem folgenden Kontext erkennt. Wolf Schneider spricht von falschem Zwischensinn. Einen solchen Satz nennt man auch Holzwegsatz, Beispiel: „Die Wärter sperrten sie ein“ – „sie“ sind die Sträflinge, doch je nach Kontext sperrten die Wärter die Sträflinge ein oder die Sträflinge die Wärter. Der namengebende Holzweg findet sich auch in der Metapher „Auf dem Holzweg sein“. Holzwegeffekte werden in der psycholinguistischen Forschung vor allem verwendet, um zu untersuchen, * ob Hörer oder Leser beim Sprachverstehen nur eine oder mehrere Interpretationen berechnen und * ob phonetische oder prosodische Hinweise genutzt werden, um die folgende syntaktische Struktur vorauszusagen. (de) A garden-path sentence is a grammatically correct sentence that starts in such a way that a reader's most likely interpretation will be incorrect; the reader is lured into a parse that turns out to be a dead end or yields a clearly unintended meaning. "Garden path" refers to the saying "to be led down [or up] the garden path", meaning to be deceived, tricked, or seduced. In A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926), Fowler describes such sentences as unwittingly laying a "false scent". Such a sentence leads the reader toward a seemingly familiar meaning that is actually not the one intended. It is a special type of sentence that creates a momentarily ambiguous interpretation because it contains a word or phrase that can be interpreted in multiple ways, causing the reader to begin to believe that a phrase will mean one thing when in reality it means something else. When read, the sentence seems ungrammatical, makes almost no sense, and often requires rereading so that its meaning may be fully understood after careful parsing. Though these sentences are grammatically correct, such sentences are syntactically non-standard (or incorrect) as evidenced by the need for re-reading and careful parsing. Garden path sentences are not usually desirable in writing that intends to communicate clearly. (en) Erdibiko esaldiak, ingelesez Garden path sentence, gramatikalki zuzenak izanik, esanahi anbiguoa edo nahasia duten esaldiak dira. Horrela, hasieran, esanahi bat duela ematen du baina amaieran agertzen den beste elementu batek dena zalantzan uzten du. Modu batez hartzailea engainatuta sentitzen da. Esaterako, Anderrek goizean irakurri duen liburua lapurtu dute liburutegian. Zer lapurtu dute? Anderren liburua edo liburutegian zegoen Anderrena bezalako liburua? Hartzailearen buruak errazena ematen duen esanahia interpretatu egiten du baina gero hori ez dago hain garbi. Ondo ulertzeko esaldi osoa irakurri behar da, askotan behin baino gehiagotan. Esaldi hauek anbiguotasun handia erakusten dute. Askotan esaldia gaizki idatzita bezala uler daiteke. Esaldi hauek hartzailea irteerarik gabeko bide batera eramaten dute. (eu) Een intuinzin (Engels garden path sentence) is een opzettelijk misleidende zin die speelt met metaforische betekenissen van woorden of met homonymie, zodat tijdens het lezen een herinterpretatie optreedt. (nl) Em Psicolinguística, a Teoria do Labirinto (em inglês: Garden Path Theory) é uma teoria sintática do processamento linguístico baseado em sentenças Garden Path. O modelo assume dois principais pressupostos para o funcionamento mental: a modularidade, isto é, a mente é modular e possui subcomponentes relativamente autônomos e especializados para processos distintos. E a serialidade/incrementabilidade, os processos mentais funcionam de forma serial e incremental, cada parte do processamento depende e necessita aguardar o resultado da fase anterior. O modelo se baseia em duas fases de processamento: * A Preliminary Phrase Packager (PPP): um dispositivo de análise local responsável pela estrutura sintática dos itens que é regido por dois princípios, a Aposição Local (Late Closure), que considera a preferência do processador por inserir os novos itens lexicais no sintagma que está processando no momento. E a Aposição Mínima (Minimal Attachment), que assume a preferência do processador por estruturas mais simples, com menor número de nós sintáticos; * E a Sentence Structure Supervisor (SSS) que rastreia as dependências sintáticas dos itens finalizando a estruturação da sentença como um todo. A relevância da Teoria do Labirinto (TGP), além do maior poder explicativo que a DTC (e.g. sentenças Garden Path), esta restabeleceu a conexão entre a Linguística Teórica (Gerativismo) e a Experimental (Psicolinguística), sendo o primeiro modelo do processamento linguístico feito por Psicolinguistas. Em resumo, como assinalam Sampaio et al. (2015): [com a TGP] a psicolinguística encontra de novo, uma possibilidade de diálogo com a Teoria X-Barra do modelo Government and Binding que adicionalmente havia abandonado a noção de regras em favor da postulação de princípios. O arcabouço teórico formal do modelo encontra harmonia com os princípios de aposição que Frazier estava estudando. Esta reaproximação seria ainda mais fortalecida nos anos 90, com a introdução do Programa Minimalista (CHOMSKY, 1995), que abre mão do modelo derivacional e aposta na especificação de computações que levam as peças linguísticas através das interfaces com os sistemas sensório-motor e conceptual intencional.(Sampaio et al., 2015) (pt) 園徑句型（英語：Garden Path Sentence），又譯花園路徑句子，是一種讀者乍看之下會詮釋出錯誤意義、但文法其實正確無誤的。讀者在閱讀這類句子時，亦即在「剖析」此類句型，容易因為句法上的某種呈現方式而被誘導，最後走入死胡同、得到無法用常理解釋的錯誤解讀。園徑句型命名出自於「引導某人走入花園中曲折的小徑」，意指讀者被句子欺騙、戲弄。園徑句型通常並非故意要使讀者誤解其意思，而是一種容易產生模稜兩可解讀的特殊句型。原因是構成句子的字詞本身有著多重意思，導致讀者一開始的認知與句子真正要表達的意義不同。這種句子看起來不合文法、不合常理，但實際上可以被正確解讀，只是通常需要多讀幾次之後才能正確了解它語意上真正要表達的意思，而此分析的過程稱為「」。 舉例來說，“The old man the boat.” 便是一個常見的園徑句，甚至已經被拿來做為語言心理學研究的題材，以及測試人工智慧的解讀能力。解析這個句子的難處在於讀者大多會將old當作形容詞，從前面開始讀，會看到the old man，是英文中常見的「冠詞－形容詞－名詞」的模式，所以讀者大多會將old視為形容詞，將man視為被old形容的名詞，但繼續讀下去則會發現整句沒有動詞，所以讀者必須重新思考句意，把man视为动词（意为操纵）。若將這句具有模糊性的句子拿來和「The old man washed the boat.」，一個能明確認出動詞的句子來相比，可以推論出造成模糊性和誤讀的原因在於原句中的字序恰好和常見的順序「冠詞－形容詞－名詞」相同，正好會引導我們向錯誤的方向解釋，因為讀者解析時大多會用常見的模式和詞性來解析。 (zh) |
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| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://web.archive.org/web/20060504082013/http:/www.psychology.uiowa.edu/faculty/hollingworth/documents/Ferreira_etal_2001.pdf https://ferreiralab.faculty.ucdavis.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/222/2015/05/Slattery-et-al.-2013_GardenPathCompetingRepresentations_JML.pdf |
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| rdfs:comment | Een intuinzin (Engels garden path sentence) is een opzettelijk misleidende zin die speelt met metaforische betekenissen van woorden of met homonymie, zodat tijdens het lezen een herinterpretatie optreedt. (nl) Der Holzwegeffekt (englisch garden path effect) bezeichnet das Phänomen, wenn ein Leser bei einem sprachlichen Ausdruck mit mehreren Lesarten während des schrittweisen Verstehens zunächst die falsche Lesart wählt und sich im weiteren Verlauf berichtigt, da er den Fehler aus dem folgenden Kontext erkennt. Wolf Schneider spricht von falschem Zwischensinn. Einen solchen Satz nennt man auch Holzwegsatz, Beispiel: „Die Wärter sperrten sie ein“ – „sie“ sind die Sträflinge, doch je nach Kontext sperrten die Wärter die Sträflinge ein oder die Sträflinge die Wärter. (de) A garden-path sentence is a grammatically correct sentence that starts in such a way that a reader's most likely interpretation will be incorrect; the reader is lured into a parse that turns out to be a dead end or yields a clearly unintended meaning. "Garden path" refers to the saying "to be led down [or up] the garden path", meaning to be deceived, tricked, or seduced. In A Dictionary of Modern English Usage (1926), Fowler describes such sentences as unwittingly laying a "false scent". (en) Erdibiko esaldiak, ingelesez Garden path sentence, gramatikalki zuzenak izanik, esanahi anbiguoa edo nahasia duten esaldiak dira. Horrela, hasieran, esanahi bat duela ematen du baina amaieran agertzen den beste elementu batek dena zalantzan uzten du. (eu) Em Psicolinguística, a Teoria do Labirinto (em inglês: Garden Path Theory) é uma teoria sintática do processamento linguístico baseado em sentenças Garden Path. O modelo assume dois principais pressupostos para o funcionamento mental: a modularidade, isto é, a mente é modular e possui subcomponentes relativamente autônomos e especializados para processos distintos. E a serialidade/incrementabilidade, os processos mentais funcionam de forma serial e incremental, cada parte do processamento depende e necessita aguardar o resultado da fase anterior. O modelo se baseia em duas fases de processamento: (pt) 園徑句型（英語：Garden Path Sentence），又譯花園路徑句子，是一種讀者乍看之下會詮釋出錯誤意義、但文法其實正確無誤的。讀者在閱讀這類句子時，亦即在「剖析」此類句型，容易因為句法上的某種呈現方式而被誘導，最後走入死胡同、得到無法用常理解釋的錯誤解讀。園徑句型命名出自於「引導某人走入花園中曲折的小徑」，意指讀者被句子欺騙、戲弄。園徑句型通常並非故意要使讀者誤解其意思，而是一種容易產生模稜兩可解讀的特殊句型。原因是構成句子的字詞本身有著多重意思，導致讀者一開始的認知與句子真正要表達的意義不同。這種句子看起來不合文法、不合常理，但實際上可以被正確解讀，只是通常需要多讀幾次之後才能正確了解它語意上真正要表達的意思，而此分析的過程稱為「」。 (zh) |
| rdfs:label | Holzwegeffekt (de) Erdibiko esaldiak (eu) Garden-path sentence (en) Intuinzin (nl) Teoria do Garden Path (pt) 園徑句型 (zh) |
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