Gedong Songo (original) (raw)
De 'Gedong Songo' (letterlijk 9 gebouwen) zijn hindoeïstische tempels in Midden-Java, Indonesië. Zij zijn gelegen op ongeveer 40 km ten zuiden van Semarang en 50 km ten oosten van het Dieng plateau. De tempels dateren uit de periode 730-780 na Christus en liggen verspreid over de zuidwestelijke flank van , die 1893 m hoog is. De hoogste tempel is gelegen op 1308 meter.
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| dbo:abstract | Gedong Songo (Indonesian: Candi Gedong Songo) is a group of Hindu temples located near Bandungan, Semarang Regency, in north Central Java, Indonesia. It is variously dated between the 8th and 9th-century. Built around a 1,270 metres (4,170 ft) hill near Mount Ungaran, it consist of five Gedong (temple group) – two on the east side of the hill, two towards the north and one to the west. These total nine temples, all dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. The Gedong Songo complex is one of 110 sites in central Java with Hindu temple structures or remains, and one of 21 in Semarang area, states Veronique Degroot. The site was originally built during the early period of the Mataram Kingdom of Central Java. Similar to the Dieng temples on the Dieng Plateau, Gedong Songo was erected out of volcanic stone and the two complexes represent some of the oldest Hindu structures in Java. According to Vogler – a scholar of Indonesian architecture and history, the Gedong Songo were built in the 9th-century, about a hundred years after Phase III Javanese temples such as Candi Arjuna, Sewu, Semar, Lumbung and other temples. In contrast, Soekmono dates these to the 8th-century and places the Dieng temples to the 7th-century. Williams, Dumarcay and others place the Gedong Songo temples closer to 780–830 CE. The Dieng and Gedong Songo temples are among the earliest phases of Hindu temples built on the Java island, they predate Borobudur and Prambanan, and show considerable influence from Indian Hindu temple architecture. The temples of Gedong Songo reflect a similar architecture to those on the Dieng Plateau, though they have less variation in form than them. Gedong Songo displays more emphasis on plinth and cornice mouldings. At Gedong Songo 3, an entrance is outlined by a vestibule that is decorated by guardian figures. Gedong Songo III is also a Shiva temple, one paired with a facing Nandi shrine and a Parvati shrine next to the Shiva shrine. Gedong Songo I is the oldest, with a square plan – an architecture that is predominant in Hindu and Buddhist-Hindu sites of central Java. However, the Gedong Songo II through V temples are unusual and among the notable exceptions, as they have a square sanctum, but the plinth base has been extended for a porch, which gives it a rectangular shape. The architects of the later groups of Gedong Songo temples explored a design beyond those found in Dieng group, and others such as Sewu, Srikandi, Puntadewa, Sambisari, and Ngawen where a porch was added by building a larger base. Gedong Songo temples, nevertheless, use the square principle, including the vertical direction. The cella are cubes (garbhagriya). Further, the same principle is applied in the multi-storeyed superstructure (vimana, shikhara). The Aihole- and Pattadakal-like experiments with Hindu temple architecture that is evident in the Dieng groups (Arjuna, Gatotkaca, Bima), became established in Gedong Songo as a Javanese style to inspire the numerous Hindu and Buddhist-Hindu temples that were thereafter built in central Java. The architecture and design follow the Indian sastras (Sanskrit texts on architecture), but no similar Indian prototype is as yet known to establish a direct connection between the Hindu temples in India and those in central Java, including the Dieng group and the Gedong Songo. This has led to two major competing conjectures as to who built the original sets of temples in Java, and how did the systematic knowledge, schools and skill set to build ever more complex mega-temples emerge in Java. One hypothesis, supported by Jordaan, states that Indian artisans and architects were invited to Java, who then inspired the traditions and schools here. The other hypothesis, supported by Bosch, states that Javanese pilgrims went to India between the 7th and 8th-century, they saw the temples there and then created a version best suited to the materials and terrain in Java. It is unclear which of these, and other variant conjectures, may be true and the historic trajectory of the central Javanese temple architecture remains contested. The Gedong Songo temples and other regional Hindu-Buddhist temples near it were active in the 14th and 15th-century, as evidenced by an inscription dated 1382 CE discovered in this temples complex, as well as others in the region that date to 1449 and 1452 CE. However, it is unclear whether they were active continuously, or periodically re-occupied between the 8th and 15th-centuries. The site was rediscovered by colonial era Dutch archaeologists during the 19th-century. All temples then were badly damaged and ruins scattered around the hill. The Gedong Songo complex has been considerably restored in recent decades. (en) Les Gedong Songo (« neuf constructions » en javanais) sont un ensemble de temples hindouistes situé sur les pentes du volcan Ungaran, au sud de la ville de Semarang dans le centre de Java, à une altitude de 1 293 m. Ces temples sont du même type que ceux du plateau de Dieng situé au sud-ouest, et datent vraisemblablement de la même époque, soit vers 750 apr. J.-C., sauf un dont le style pourrait dater de 800. Ces temples sont numérotés de un à neuf, du plus bas au plus élevé. Seuls quelques-uns sont encore debout ou ont été restaurés. Chacune de ces constructions était en fait un groupe de temples, dont la représentation la plus complète actuellement visible se situe au groupe III. On a là trois temples dont le plus grand, celui du centre, est consacré à Shiva avec son lingam dans la cella carré. Les autres complexes de Gedong Songo, aujourd'hui ruinés ou limités à un seul monument, en général restauré récemment, devaient se présenter de la même façon, avec cependant des évolutions architecturales ou des particularités esthétiques. On a là le prototype de ce qui va être fait en beaucoup plus grand avec le temple de Prambanan, ainsi que pour la plupart des temples hindouistes de Java jusqu'au XIIIe siècle. (fr) Candi Gedong Songo (bahasa Jawa: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦒꦼꦝꦺꦴꦁꦱꦔ, translit. Candhi Gedhong Sanga) adalah nama sebuah kompleks bangunan candi peninggalan budaya Hindu yang terletak di desa Candi, Kecamatan Bandungan, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia tepatnya di lereng Gunung Ungaran. Di kompleks candi ini terdapat sembilan buah candi. Candi ini ditemukan oleh Raffles pada tahun 1804 dan merupakan peninggalan budaya Hindu dari zaman Wangsa Syailendra abad ke-9 (tahun 927 masehi). Candi ini memiliki persamaan dengan kompleks Candi Dieng di Wonosobo. Candi ini terletak pada ketinggian sekitar 1.200 m di atas permukaan laut sehingga suhu udara di sini cukup dingin (berkisar antara 19-27 °C) Lokasi sembilan candi yang tersebar di lereng Gunung Ungaran ini memiliki pemandangan alam yang indah. Selain itu, objek wisata ini juga dilengkapi dengan pemandian air panas dari mata air yang mengandung belerang, area perkemahan, dan wisata berkuda. (in) De 'Gedong Songo' (letterlijk 9 gebouwen) zijn hindoeïstische tempels in Midden-Java, Indonesië. Zij zijn gelegen op ongeveer 40 km ten zuiden van Semarang en 50 km ten oosten van het Dieng plateau. De tempels dateren uit de periode 730-780 na Christus en liggen verspreid over de zuidwestelijke flank van , die 1893 m hoog is. De hoogste tempel is gelegen op 1308 meter. (nl) Гедонг Сонго (индон. Candi Gedong Songo) индуистский храмовый комплекс из пяти храмов, расположенный в центральной Яве, Индонезия, к юго-западу от города Семаранг. Был построен во время раннего периода царства Матарам, контролировавшего этот район в 8—9-м веках н. э. Также как и комплекс , он построен из вулканического камня, и оба комплекса являются старейшими индуистскими постройками на Яве, являясь предшественниками Боробудура и Прамбанана. Храмы Гедонг Сонго имеют схожую архитектуру с комплексом , однако имеет больший акцент на постамент и карниз. В храме 3 вход дополнен вестибюлем, украшенным фигурами стражников. (ru) |
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| dbp:alt | Gedong Songo group 3 temples (en) |
| dbp:architecture | Mataram (en) |
| dbp:caption | A view of three of the temples and the scenery below (en) |
| dbp:country | dbr:Indonesia |
| dbp:deity | dbr:Shiva |
| dbp:locale | Bandungan, Semarang Regency (en) |
| dbp:mapType | Indonesia Java (en) |
| dbp:name | Gedong Songo (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | De 'Gedong Songo' (letterlijk 9 gebouwen) zijn hindoeïstische tempels in Midden-Java, Indonesië. Zij zijn gelegen op ongeveer 40 km ten zuiden van Semarang en 50 km ten oosten van het Dieng plateau. De tempels dateren uit de periode 730-780 na Christus en liggen verspreid over de zuidwestelijke flank van , die 1893 m hoog is. De hoogste tempel is gelegen op 1308 meter. (nl) Гедонг Сонго (индон. Candi Gedong Songo) индуистский храмовый комплекс из пяти храмов, расположенный в центральной Яве, Индонезия, к юго-западу от города Семаранг. Был построен во время раннего периода царства Матарам, контролировавшего этот район в 8—9-м веках н. э. Также как и комплекс , он построен из вулканического камня, и оба комплекса являются старейшими индуистскими постройками на Яве, являясь предшественниками Боробудура и Прамбанана. Храмы Гедонг Сонго имеют схожую архитектуру с комплексом , однако имеет больший акцент на постамент и карниз. В храме 3 вход дополнен вестибюлем, украшенным фигурами стражников. (ru) Gedong Songo (Indonesian: Candi Gedong Songo) is a group of Hindu temples located near Bandungan, Semarang Regency, in north Central Java, Indonesia. It is variously dated between the 8th and 9th-century. Built around a 1,270 metres (4,170 ft) hill near Mount Ungaran, it consist of five Gedong (temple group) – two on the east side of the hill, two towards the north and one to the west. These total nine temples, all dedicated to Shiva and Parvati. The Gedong Songo complex is one of 110 sites in central Java with Hindu temple structures or remains, and one of 21 in Semarang area, states Veronique Degroot. (en) Les Gedong Songo (« neuf constructions » en javanais) sont un ensemble de temples hindouistes situé sur les pentes du volcan Ungaran, au sud de la ville de Semarang dans le centre de Java, à une altitude de 1 293 m. Ces temples sont du même type que ceux du plateau de Dieng situé au sud-ouest, et datent vraisemblablement de la même époque, soit vers 750 apr. J.-C., sauf un dont le style pourrait dater de 800. Ces temples sont numérotés de un à neuf, du plus bas au plus élevé. Seuls quelques-uns sont encore debout ou ont été restaurés. (fr) Candi Gedong Songo (bahasa Jawa: ꦕꦤ꧀ꦝꦶꦒꦼꦝꦺꦴꦁꦱꦔ, translit. Candhi Gedhong Sanga) adalah nama sebuah kompleks bangunan candi peninggalan budaya Hindu yang terletak di desa Candi, Kecamatan Bandungan, Kabupaten Semarang, Jawa Tengah, Indonesia tepatnya di lereng Gunung Ungaran. Di kompleks candi ini terdapat sembilan buah candi. Candi ini ditemukan oleh Raffles pada tahun 1804 dan merupakan peninggalan budaya Hindu dari zaman Wangsa Syailendra abad ke-9 (tahun 927 masehi). (in) |
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