Gurjar (original) (raw)
Els gujars (gujjars o gurjjars o gurjars, singular gujar o gujjar o gurjar o gurjjar, hindi: गुज्जर o गुर्जर urdú: گجر o گُرجر ) són una nació de l'Índia originats en una antiga tribu. Són, segons els llocs, hinduistes (dins el varna Kshatriya), sikhs i musulmans i parlen un dialecte propi. El nom de Gujarat derivaria dels gujars. Modernament formen una casta de l'Índia, parlen un dialecte anomenat gujari o gojari. Els seus herois nacionals són Djaypala, el sobirà Hindushàhida de Lahore derrocat per Mahmud de Gazni al començament del segle xi, Mihir Bhodja Pratihara (836-890), el seu avi Naga Bhatt II (vers 792-825), Raja Dahir d'Alor, Rana Sanga i Rana Pratap de Mewar.
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| dbo:abstract | Els gujars (gujjars o gurjjars o gurjars, singular gujar o gujjar o gurjar o gurjjar, hindi: गुज्जर o गुर्जर urdú: گجر o گُرجر ) són una nació de l'Índia originats en una antiga tribu. Són, segons els llocs, hinduistes (dins el varna Kshatriya), sikhs i musulmans i parlen un dialecte propi. El nom de Gujarat derivaria dels gujars. Modernament formen una casta de l'Índia, parlen un dialecte anomenat gujari o gojari. Els seus herois nacionals són Djaypala, el sobirà Hindushàhida de Lahore derrocat per Mahmud de Gazni al començament del segle xi, Mihir Bhodja Pratihara (836-890), el seu avi Naga Bhatt II (vers 792-825), Raja Dahir d'Alor, Rana Sanga i Rana Pratap de Mewar. (ca) Gurĝaroj aŭ Gujĝaroj (konata ankaŭ kiel Gojaroj kaj Gujaroj) estas etna agrikultura kaj brutobreda komunumo de Barato, Pakistano, kaj Afganio. Ili estas konataj kiel Gurjaraoj dum la mezepoko, nomo supozata kiel etnonimo en la komenco same kiel demonimo poste. Kvankam tradicie ili dediĉis sin al agrikulturo (ĉefe al brutobredado de bovoj), Gurĝaroj estas granda heterogena grupo kiu estas interne diference laŭ kriterioj de kulturo, religio, okupo, kaj soci-ekonomia statuso. La historia rolo de Gurĝaroj estis tre diversa en socio, unuflanke ili estis fondintoj de kelkaj regnoj, distriktoj, urboj kaj vilaĝoj, kaj aliflanke, ili ankaŭ estas nomadoj sen propra tero. (eo) Gurjar or Gujjar (also translitterated as Gujar, Gurjara and Gujjer) is an ethnic nomadic, agricultural and pastoral community, spread mainly in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, divided internally into various clan groups. They were traditionally involved in agriculture and pastoral and nomadic activities and formed a large homogeneous group. The historical role of Gurjars has been quite diverse in society, at one end they have been founder of several kingdoms, dynasties, and at the other end, they are also nomads with no land of their own. The pivotal point in the history of Gurjar identity is often traced back to the emergence of a Gurjara kingdom in present-day Rajasthan during the Middle Ages (around 570 CE). It is believed that the Gurjars migrated to different parts of the Indian Subcontinent from the Gurjaratra. Previously, it was believed that the Gurjars had migrated earlier on from Central Asia as well, however, this view is generally considered to be speculative. According to B.D. Chattopadhyaya, historical references speak of Gurjara warriors and commoners in North India in the 7th century CE, and mention several Gurjara kingdoms and dynasties. However, according to Tanuja Kothiyal, the historical image of Gujar is of 'ignorant' herders though historical claim of Gurjar past also associate them with Gurjara-Pratiharas. She cites a myth that any Rajput claim Gurjars may have comes through Rajput marrying a Brahmin woman, and not through older Kshatriya clan. However, she states that the historical process suggests the opposite: that Rajputs emerged from other communities, such as Gujars, Jats, Raikas etc. The Gurjaras started fading way from the forefront of history after 10th century CE. Thereafter, several Gurjar chieftains and upstart warriors are mentioned in history, who were rather petty rulers in contrast to their predecessors. "Gujar" and "Gujjar" were quite common during the Mughal era, and documents dating from the period mention Gujars as a "turbulent" people. The Indian states of Gujarat and Rajasthan were known as Gurjaradesa and Gurjaratra for centuries prior to the arrival of the British power. The Gujrat and Gujranwala districts of Pakistani Punjab have also been associated with Gurjars from as early as the 8th century CE, when there existed a Gurjara kingdom in the same area. The Saharanpur district of Uttar Pradesh was also known as Gurjargadh previously, due to the presence of many Gujar zamindars, or land holding farmer class, in the area. Gurjars are linguistically and religiously diverse. Although they are able to speak the language of the region and country where they live, Gurjars have their own language, known as Gujari. They variously follow Hinduism, Islam, and Sikhism. The Hindu Gujars are mostly found in Indian states of Rajasthan, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab Plains and Maharashtra. Muslim Gurjars are mostly found in Punjab, Pakistan where they make up 20% of the population, mainly concentrated in Northern Punjabi cities of Gujranwala, Gujrat, Gujar Khan, Jehlum and Lahore, Afghanistan and Indian Himalayan regions such as Jammu & Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh and Garhwal and Kumaon divisions of Uttarakhand. (en) Les Gurjar ou Gujjar (également connus sous le nom de Gojar et Goojar) sont une communauté agricole et pastorale ethnique de l'Inde, du Pakistan et de l'Afghanistan. Ils étaient connus sous le nom de Gurjaras à l'époque médiévale, un nom qui aurait été à l'origine un ethnonyme, et par la suite un démonyme. Bien qu’ils aient traditionnellement été impliqués dans l’agriculture (principalement dans l’élevage et les produits laitiers), les Gurjars forment un groupe hétérogène important qui se différencie en termes de culture, de religion, de profession et de statut socio-économique. Le rôle historique de Gurjars a été très diversifié dans la société : ils sont les fondateurs de plusieurs royaumes, districts, villes, villages et villes, tout en étant aussi des nomades sans terre. (fr) I Gurjar o Gujjar (conosciuti anche come Gojar e Goojar) sono una comunità etnica agro-pastorale dell'India e dell'Afghanistan. Nel periodo medievale erano conosciuti con nome di Gurjaras, che si crede fosse inizialmente un etnonimo e successivamente un demonimo.Sebbene tradizionalmente praticassero l'agricoltura e soprattutto l'allevamento del bestiame per la produzione di latte, i Gurjar sono un vasto gruppo eterogeneo che al suo interno si differenzia per cultura, religione, attività lavorativa e condizioni socio-economiche.Storicamente i Gurjar hanno avuto differenti ruoli nella società: da un lato hanno fondato diversi regni, città e villaggi, mentre dall'altro sono nomadi e non posseggono terre di proprietà. Il punto cruciale nella storia dei Gurjar viene fatto risalire al (Gurjaradesa), fondato nell'attuale Rajasthan in epoca alto-medievale intorno al 570. Si crede che i Gurjar siano successivamente migrati in diverse zone del subcontinente indiano a partire proprio da questo regno. Nel passato, si credeva che i Gurjar avessero avuto origine da una precedente migrazione dall'Asia centrale, ma si tratta solo di un'ipotesi teorica. Le fonti storiche riportano l'esistenza di guerrieri Gurjara nell'India settentrionale nel VII secolo e menzionano diverse dinastie e regni fondati da tale popolo; tuttavia, il loro declino ebbe inizio intorno al X secolo. Il popolo iniziò a essere conosciuto col nome di Gurjar e di Gujjar durante l'impero Moghul, quando fu descritto come "tumultuoso". Gli stati indiani del Gujarat e del Rajasthan furono conosciuti per secoli come Gurjaradesa e Gurjaratra prima dell'arrivo del governo britannico. I distretti di Gujrat e Gujranwala nel Punjab pakistano devono anch'essi il loro nome al popolo Gujjar fin dall'inizio dell'VIII secolo, in quanto in quelle zone sorgeva un regno Gurjara. Il distretto di Saharanpur in Uttar Pradesh nel passato era anch'esso conosciuto come Gujarat, a causa della presenza di zamindari Gujjar. (it) Gurjar of Gujjar is een pastorale agrarische etnische groep in India, Pakistan en een klein aantal in het noordoosten van Afghanistan. Naast de taal van het land waar ze wonen hebben de Gujjars hun eigen taal, het . Ze zijn zowel hindoes, moslims als sikhs. Er is gesuggereerd dat de Gurjars zich samen met andere volkeren uit het noordwesten van India aansloten bij de Hephthalieten en samen de Rajput-clan vormden. (nl) Гуджар (गुर्जर) — этническая общность в Индии, проживающая в штатах Пенджаб, Химачал-Прадеш, Раджастхан, союзной территории Джамму и Кашмир и на востоке Пакистана. (ru) Os gurjar ou gujjar são um grupo étnico agrícola e pastoril com populações na Índia, Paquistão e um pequeno número no nordeste do Afeganistão. As grafias alternativas incluem gurjara, gurjjar, gojar e gjari. Os gurjars são linguisticamente e religiosamente diversos. Embora sejam capazes de falar a língua da região e do país em que vivem, os Gurjars têm sua própria língua, conhecida como Gujari. Do ponto de vista religioso, eles seguem o hinduísmo, o islamismo e o sikhismo. Os gurjares hindus são encontrados principalmente nos estados indianos do Rajastão, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab e Maharashtra, enquanto os Gujjares muçulmanos são encontrados principalmente no Paquistão, Afeganistão e nas regiões indianas do Himalaia, como Jammu e Caxemira, Himachal Pradesh e Garhwal e Kumaon..Os Gurjars são classificados como Outra Classe Retrógrada (OBC) em alguns estados e UTs da Índia; no Jammu e na Caxemira e algumas partes de Himachal Pradesh eles são categorizados como uma Tribo Registrada. Os gurjares hindus foram assimilados em várias varnas no período medieval. (pt) Ґуджар або ґурджар (: गुज्जर або گجر) — етнічна група, що мешкає переважно в Індії і Пакистані. Ґуджар поширені на великій території, але повсюди складають лише невелику частку населення. Народ походить від традиційних племен варни кшатріїв. Більшість ґуджар - індуси, хоча значна кількість їх прийняла іслам. Ґуджар-індуси поширені переважно в Індії і, частково, в США, тоді як ґуджар-мусульмани переважно в Пакистані, і лише частково в Індії. (uk) |
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| rdfs:comment | Els gujars (gujjars o gurjjars o gurjars, singular gujar o gujjar o gurjar o gurjjar, hindi: गुज्जर o गुर्जर urdú: گجر o گُرجر ) són una nació de l'Índia originats en una antiga tribu. Són, segons els llocs, hinduistes (dins el varna Kshatriya), sikhs i musulmans i parlen un dialecte propi. El nom de Gujarat derivaria dels gujars. Modernament formen una casta de l'Índia, parlen un dialecte anomenat gujari o gojari. Els seus herois nacionals són Djaypala, el sobirà Hindushàhida de Lahore derrocat per Mahmud de Gazni al començament del segle xi, Mihir Bhodja Pratihara (836-890), el seu avi Naga Bhatt II (vers 792-825), Raja Dahir d'Alor, Rana Sanga i Rana Pratap de Mewar. (ca) Gurĝaroj aŭ Gujĝaroj (konata ankaŭ kiel Gojaroj kaj Gujaroj) estas etna agrikultura kaj brutobreda komunumo de Barato, Pakistano, kaj Afganio. Ili estas konataj kiel Gurjaraoj dum la mezepoko, nomo supozata kiel etnonimo en la komenco same kiel demonimo poste. Kvankam tradicie ili dediĉis sin al agrikulturo (ĉefe al brutobredado de bovoj), Gurĝaroj estas granda heterogena grupo kiu estas interne diference laŭ kriterioj de kulturo, religio, okupo, kaj soci-ekonomia statuso. La historia rolo de Gurĝaroj estis tre diversa en socio, unuflanke ili estis fondintoj de kelkaj regnoj, distriktoj, urboj kaj vilaĝoj, kaj aliflanke, ili ankaŭ estas nomadoj sen propra tero. (eo) Les Gurjar ou Gujjar (également connus sous le nom de Gojar et Goojar) sont une communauté agricole et pastorale ethnique de l'Inde, du Pakistan et de l'Afghanistan. Ils étaient connus sous le nom de Gurjaras à l'époque médiévale, un nom qui aurait été à l'origine un ethnonyme, et par la suite un démonyme. Bien qu’ils aient traditionnellement été impliqués dans l’agriculture (principalement dans l’élevage et les produits laitiers), les Gurjars forment un groupe hétérogène important qui se différencie en termes de culture, de religion, de profession et de statut socio-économique. Le rôle historique de Gurjars a été très diversifié dans la société : ils sont les fondateurs de plusieurs royaumes, districts, villes, villages et villes, tout en étant aussi des nomades sans terre. (fr) Gurjar of Gujjar is een pastorale agrarische etnische groep in India, Pakistan en een klein aantal in het noordoosten van Afghanistan. Naast de taal van het land waar ze wonen hebben de Gujjars hun eigen taal, het . Ze zijn zowel hindoes, moslims als sikhs. Er is gesuggereerd dat de Gurjars zich samen met andere volkeren uit het noordwesten van India aansloten bij de Hephthalieten en samen de Rajput-clan vormden. (nl) Гуджар (गुर्जर) — этническая общность в Индии, проживающая в штатах Пенджаб, Химачал-Прадеш, Раджастхан, союзной территории Джамму и Кашмир и на востоке Пакистана. (ru) Ґуджар або ґурджар (: गुज्जर або گجر) — етнічна група, що мешкає переважно в Індії і Пакистані. Ґуджар поширені на великій території, але повсюди складають лише невелику частку населення. Народ походить від традиційних племен варни кшатріїв. Більшість ґуджар - індуси, хоча значна кількість їх прийняла іслам. Ґуджар-індуси поширені переважно в Індії і, частково, в США, тоді як ґуджар-мусульмани переважно в Пакистані, і лише частково в Індії. (uk) Gurjar or Gujjar (also translitterated as Gujar, Gurjara and Gujjer) is an ethnic nomadic, agricultural and pastoral community, spread mainly in India, Pakistan and Afghanistan, divided internally into various clan groups. They were traditionally involved in agriculture and pastoral and nomadic activities and formed a large homogeneous group. The historical role of Gurjars has been quite diverse in society, at one end they have been founder of several kingdoms, dynasties, and at the other end, they are also nomads with no land of their own. (en) I Gurjar o Gujjar (conosciuti anche come Gojar e Goojar) sono una comunità etnica agro-pastorale dell'India e dell'Afghanistan. Nel periodo medievale erano conosciuti con nome di Gurjaras, che si crede fosse inizialmente un etnonimo e successivamente un demonimo.Sebbene tradizionalmente praticassero l'agricoltura e soprattutto l'allevamento del bestiame per la produzione di latte, i Gurjar sono un vasto gruppo eterogeneo che al suo interno si differenzia per cultura, religione, attività lavorativa e condizioni socio-economiche.Storicamente i Gurjar hanno avuto differenti ruoli nella società: da un lato hanno fondato diversi regni, città e villaggi, mentre dall'altro sono nomadi e non posseggono terre di proprietà. (it) Os gurjar ou gujjar são um grupo étnico agrícola e pastoril com populações na Índia, Paquistão e um pequeno número no nordeste do Afeganistão. As grafias alternativas incluem gurjara, gurjjar, gojar e gjari. Os gurjars são linguisticamente e religiosamente diversos. Embora sejam capazes de falar a língua da região e do país em que vivem, os Gurjars têm sua própria língua, conhecida como Gujari. Do ponto de vista religioso, eles seguem o hinduísmo, o islamismo e o sikhismo. Os gurjares hindus são encontrados principalmente nos estados indianos do Rajastão, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab e Maharashtra, enquanto os Gujjares muçulmanos são encontrados principalmente no Paquistão, Afeganistão e nas regiões indianas do Himalaia, como Jammu e Caxemira, Himachal Pradesh e Garhwal e Kumaon..Os Gur (pt) |
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