Head-related transfer function (original) (raw)
머리전달함수(Head Related Transfer Function, HRTF)은 동일한 소리를 전방위에서 발생시켜 방향에 따른 주파수 반응을 측정하여 3차원 함수로 정리한 것을 말한다. 한때, 일본에서 들어온 번역명인 두부전달함수(頭部伝達関数)가 쓰인적이 있었으나 현재는 학계에서 머리전달함수라는 정정한 용어를 사용한다.
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| dbo:abstract | Función de transferencia relacionada con la cabeza (HRTF) en inglés llamada "Head-related transfer function". Es una respuesta que caracteriza cómo un oído recibe un sonido desde un punto en el espacio. A medida que el sonido golpea al oyente, el tamaño y la forma de la cabeza, las orejas, el canal auditivo, la densidad de la cabeza, el tamaño y la forma de las cavidades nasales y orales, transforman el sonido y afectan la forma en que se percibe, aumentando algunas frecuencias y atenuando otras. En términos generales, la HRTF aumenta las frecuencias de 2 a 5 kHz con una resonancia primaria de +17 dB a 2,700 Hz. Pero la curva de respuesta es más compleja que un solo golpe, afecta a un amplio espectro de frecuencias y varía significativamente de una persona a otra. Se puede usar un el HRTF para dos oídos para sintetizar un sonido binaural que parece provenir de un punto particular del espacio. Es una función de transferencia, que describe cómo un sonido de un punto específico llegará al oído (generalmente en el extremo exterior del canal auditivo). Algunos productos de entretenimiento para el hogar diseñados para reproducir sonido envolvente de auriculares estéreo utilizan HRTF. Algunas formas de procesamiento de HRTF también se han incluido en los software de computadora para simular la reproducción de sonido envolvente de los altavoces. (es) Die Head-Related Transfer Function (meist nur HRTF, seltener kopfbezogene oder Außenohr-Übertragungsfunktion) beschreibt die komplexe Filterwirkung von Kopf, Außenohr (Pinna) und Rumpf. Diese Amplituden-Auswertung ist neben den Laufzeitdifferenzen zwischen den Ohren wesentliche Grundlage unseres akustischen Lokalisationssystems. Die Elevation der Schallquelle verursacht keine Laufzeitunterschiede, ebenso wenig wie eine Unterscheidung zwischen frontaler und rückseitiger Schallquelle über die sonst für unsere Lokalisation so fundamentale Laufzeitdifferenz möglich wäre. Im Obertonbereich versagt die Laufzeitlokalisation völlig, weil mehrere Wellenlängen des Schalls in den Ohrabstand passen und die Auswertung dadurch ambivalent wird. Deshalb sind wir zusätzlich auf die Auswertung von Amplitudenunterschieden angewiesen. Diese nehmen mit der Frequenz zu, weil Beugungseffekte an Kopf und Rumpf mit steigenden Frequenzen bzw. kürzeren Wellenlängen schwächer werden und somit der Schallschatten ausgeprägter wird. Bei weiter steigenden Frequenzen ermöglichen winkelabhängige Resonanzerscheinungen am Außenohr die Lokalisation in der Elevationsebene. Prinzipiell sind diese Anhebungen und Absenkungen in den Blauertschen Bändern beschrieben, doch ist vor allem die Lage der Nullstellen in den Resonanzerscheinungen individuell sehr verschieden. Weil die HRTF-Lokalisation hauptsächlich auf erlernten Reizmustern beruht, kann aufgrund der anatomischen Unterschiede keine verallgemeinerte Funktion angegeben werden. Auch die Kunstkopf-Stereofonie, die auf dieser Filterwirkung beruht, arbeitet nur zufriedenstellend, wenn die Unterschiede zur hörenden Person nicht zu groß sind. Bei der auf Phantomschallquellen basierenden Lautsprecherwiedergabe führt die komplexe Filterwirkung des Außenohrs zu deutlichen Fehlern, weil der Einfallswinkel der Wellenfronten meistens nicht mit dem Originalschallfeld übereinstimmt. Dadurch werden starke Amplitudenfehler verursacht, die u. a. zur Elevation der Phantommitte (Center) führen. Abhilfe könnte nur eine physikalische Rekonstruktion des Originalschallfelds bringen, wie sie im Holophonie-Ansatz angestrebt wird. (de) A head-related transfer function (HRTF), also known as anatomical transfer function (ATF), is a response that characterizes how an ear receives a sound from a point in space. As sound strikes the listener, the size and shape of the head, ears, ear canal, density of the head, size and shape of nasal and oral cavities, all transform the sound and affect how it is perceived, boosting some frequencies and attenuating others. Generally speaking, the HRTF boosts frequencies from 2–5 kHz with a primary resonance of +17 dB at 2,700 Hz. But the response curve is more complex than a single bump, affects a broad frequency spectrum, and varies significantly from person to person. A pair of HRTFs for two ears can be used to synthesize a binaural sound that seems to come from a particular point in space. It is a transfer function, describing how a sound from a specific point will arrive at the ear (generally at the outer end of the auditory canal). Some consumer home entertainment products designed to reproduce surround sound from stereo (two-speaker) headphones use HRTFs. Some forms of HRTF-processing have also been included in computer software to simulate surround sound playback from loudspeakers. Humans have just two ears, but can locate sounds in three dimensions – in range (distance), in direction above and below (elevation), in front and to the rear, as well as to either side (azimuth). This is possible because the brain, inner ear, and the external ears (pinna) work together to make inferences about location. This ability to localize sound sources may have developed in humans and ancestors as an evolutionary necessity, since the eyes can only see a fraction of the world around a viewer, and vision is hampered in darkness, while the ability to localize a sound source works in all directions, to varying accuracy, regardless of the surrounding light. Humans estimate the location of a source by taking cues derived from one ear (monaural cues), and by comparing cues received at both ears (difference cues or binaural cues). Among the difference cues are time differences of arrival and intensity differences. The monaural cues come from the interaction between the sound source and the human anatomy, in which the original source sound is modified before it enters the ear canal for processing by the auditory system. These modifications encode the source location, and may be captured via an impulse response which relates the source location and the ear location. This impulse response is termed the head-related impulse response (HRIR). Convolution of an arbitrary source sound with the HRIR converts the sound to that which would have been heard by the listener if it had been played at the source location, with the listener's ear at the receiver location. HRIRs have been used to produce virtual surround sound. The HRTF is the Fourier transform of HRIR. HRTFs for left and right ear (expressed above as HRIRs) describe the filtering of a sound source (x(t)) before it is perceived at the left and right ears as xL(t) and xR(t), respectively. The HRTF can also be described as the modifications to a sound from a direction in free air to the sound as it arrives at the eardrum. These modifications include the shape of the listener's outer ear, the shape of the listener's head and body, the acoustic characteristics of the space in which the sound is played, and so on. All these characteristics will influence how (or whether) a listener can accurately tell what direction a sound is coming from. In the AES69-2015 standard, the Audio Engineering Society (AES) has defined the SOFA file format for storing spatially oriented acoustic data like head-related transfer functions (HRTFs). SOFA software libraries and files are collected at the Sofa Conventions website. (en) La fonction de transfert relative à la tête ou HRTF ((en) head-related transfer function) caractérise par une fonction de transfert mathématique les transformations apportées aux ondes sonores par le corps d'un auditeur, principalement la tête, le pavillon de l'oreille et le conduit auditif, qui permettent à l'être humain de repérer l'origine d'un son, tant en azimut (horizontalement) qu'en site (verticalement). L'être humain trouve des indices pour localiser la source sonore dans la transformation du son par une oreille (HTRF pour l'oreille droite et HTRF pour l'oreille gauche) et dans la différence entre les deux oreilles. Soit un champ acoustique en régime permanent, les pressions acoustiques mesurée dans le conduit auditif gauche, mesurée dans le conduit auditif droit, et mesurée à l'emplacement du centre de la tête, retirée du champ : les fonctions de transfert relatives à la tête sont à gauche et à droite. (fr) 머리전달함수(Head Related Transfer Function, HRTF)은 동일한 소리를 전방위에서 발생시켜 방향에 따른 주파수 반응을 측정하여 3차원 함수로 정리한 것을 말한다. 한때, 일본에서 들어온 번역명인 두부전달함수(頭部伝達関数)가 쓰인적이 있었으나 현재는 학계에서 머리전달함수라는 정정한 용어를 사용한다. (ko) 頭部伝達関数（とうぶでんたつかんすう、Head-Related Transfer Function, HRTF）とは、耳殻、人頭および肩までふくめた周辺物によって生じる音の変化を伝達関数として表現したものである。 HRTF ということばは周波数領域における表現に対してつかわれるが、これをフーリエ変換して時間領域において表現したものを頭部インパルス応答（Head-Related Impulse Response, HRIR）という。これは、1個のインパルスを発生させたときの応答特性である。 (ja) 頭部相關傳輸函數（Head Related Transfer Functions，缩写：HRTF）又稱為ATF（anatomical transfer function），是一種音效定位演算法。 HRTF是一組濾波器，即利用HD （Interaural Time Delay）、IAD（Interaural Amplitude Difference）和等技術產生立體音效，使聲音傳遞至人耳內的耳廓，耳道和鼓膜時，聆聽者會有環繞音效之感覺。透過DSP，HRTF可實時處理虛擬世界的音源。 (zh) |
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| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://sound.media.mit.edu/resources/KEMAR.html http://www.akustik.rwth-aachen.de/go/id/lsly http://www.ind.rwth-aachen.de/air/ http://www.kfs.oeaw.ac.at/index.php%3Foption=com_content&view=article&id=608:ari-hrtf-database&catid=158:resources-items&Itemid=606&lang=en http://www.ece.ucdavis.edu/cipic/spatial-sound/tutorial/ http://recherche.ircam.fr/equipes/salles/listen/index.html http://www.audiogroup.web.fh-koeln.de https://web.archive.org/web/20130913113821/http:/interface.cipic.ucdavis.edu/sound/hrtf.html |
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| dbp:caption | An example of how the HRTF tilt with azimuth taken from a point of reference is derived (en) A sample of frequency response of ears: * green curve: left ear XL * blue curve: right ear XR for a sound source from upward front. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | 머리전달함수(Head Related Transfer Function, HRTF)은 동일한 소리를 전방위에서 발생시켜 방향에 따른 주파수 반응을 측정하여 3차원 함수로 정리한 것을 말한다. 한때, 일본에서 들어온 번역명인 두부전달함수(頭部伝達関数)가 쓰인적이 있었으나 현재는 학계에서 머리전달함수라는 정정한 용어를 사용한다. (ko) 頭部伝達関数（とうぶでんたつかんすう、Head-Related Transfer Function, HRTF）とは、耳殻、人頭および肩までふくめた周辺物によって生じる音の変化を伝達関数として表現したものである。 HRTF ということばは周波数領域における表現に対してつかわれるが、これをフーリエ変換して時間領域において表現したものを頭部インパルス応答（Head-Related Impulse Response, HRIR）という。これは、1個のインパルスを発生させたときの応答特性である。 (ja) 頭部相關傳輸函數（Head Related Transfer Functions，缩写：HRTF）又稱為ATF（anatomical transfer function），是一種音效定位演算法。 HRTF是一組濾波器，即利用HD （Interaural Time Delay）、IAD（Interaural Amplitude Difference）和等技術產生立體音效，使聲音傳遞至人耳內的耳廓，耳道和鼓膜時，聆聽者會有環繞音效之感覺。透過DSP，HRTF可實時處理虛擬世界的音源。 (zh) Die Head-Related Transfer Function (meist nur HRTF, seltener kopfbezogene oder Außenohr-Übertragungsfunktion) beschreibt die komplexe Filterwirkung von Kopf, Außenohr (Pinna) und Rumpf. Diese Amplituden-Auswertung ist neben den Laufzeitdifferenzen zwischen den Ohren wesentliche Grundlage unseres akustischen Lokalisationssystems. (de) Función de transferencia relacionada con la cabeza (HRTF) en inglés llamada "Head-related transfer function". Es una respuesta que caracteriza cómo un oído recibe un sonido desde un punto en el espacio. A medida que el sonido golpea al oyente, el tamaño y la forma de la cabeza, las orejas, el canal auditivo, la densidad de la cabeza, el tamaño y la forma de las cavidades nasales y orales, transforman el sonido y afectan la forma en que se percibe, aumentando algunas frecuencias y atenuando otras. En términos generales, la HRTF aumenta las frecuencias de 2 a 5 kHz con una resonancia primaria de +17 dB a 2,700 Hz. Pero la curva de respuesta es más compleja que un solo golpe, afecta a un amplio espectro de frecuencias y varía significativamente de una persona a otra. (es) A head-related transfer function (HRTF), also known as anatomical transfer function (ATF), is a response that characterizes how an ear receives a sound from a point in space. As sound strikes the listener, the size and shape of the head, ears, ear canal, density of the head, size and shape of nasal and oral cavities, all transform the sound and affect how it is perceived, boosting some frequencies and attenuating others. Generally speaking, the HRTF boosts frequencies from 2–5 kHz with a primary resonance of +17 dB at 2,700 Hz. But the response curve is more complex than a single bump, affects a broad frequency spectrum, and varies significantly from person to person. (en) La fonction de transfert relative à la tête ou HRTF ((en) head-related transfer function) caractérise par une fonction de transfert mathématique les transformations apportées aux ondes sonores par le corps d'un auditeur, principalement la tête, le pavillon de l'oreille et le conduit auditif, qui permettent à l'être humain de repérer l'origine d'un son, tant en azimut (horizontalement) qu'en site (verticalement). (fr) |
| rdfs:label | Funció de transferència relacionada amb el cap (ca) Head-Related Transfer Function (de) Función de transferencia relacionada con la cabeza (es) Head-related transfer function (en) Hrtf (fr) 頭部伝達関数 (ja) 머리전달함수 (ko) 头部相关传输函数 (zh) |
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