High-energy nuclear physics (original) (raw)
فيزياء نووية عالية الطاقة تدرس الفيزياء النووية عالية الطاقة سلوك المادة النووية في أنظمة الطاقة النموذجية لفيزياء الطاقة العالية.
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| dbo:abstract | فيزياء نووية عالية الطاقة تدرس الفيزياء النووية عالية الطاقة سلوك المادة النووية في أنظمة الطاقة النموذجية لفيزياء الطاقة العالية. (ar) High-energy nuclear physics studies the behavior of nuclear matter in energy regimes typical of high-energy physics. The primary focus of this field is the study of heavy-ion collisions, as compared to lighter atoms in other particle accelerators. At sufficient collision energies, these types of collisions are theorized to produce the quark–gluon plasma. In peripheral nuclear collisions at high energies one expects to obtain information on the electromagnetic production of leptons and mesons that are not accessible in electron–positron colliders due to their much smaller luminosities. Previous high-energy nuclear accelerator experiments have studied heavy-ion collisions using projectile energies of 1 GeV/nucleon at JINR and LBNL-Bevalac up to 158 GeV/nucleon at CERN-SPS. Experiments of this type, called "fixed-target" experiments, primarily accelerate a "bunch" of ions (typically around 106 to 108 ions per bunch) to speeds approaching the speed of light (0.999c) and smash them into a target of similar heavy ions. While all collision systems are interesting, great focus was applied in the late 1990s to symmetric collision systems of gold beams on gold targets at Brookhaven National Laboratory's Alternating Gradient Synchrotron (AGS) and uranium beams on uranium targets at CERN's Super Proton Synchrotron. High-energy nuclear physics experiments are continued at the Brookhaven National Laboratory's Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and at the CERN Large Hadron Collider. At RHIC the programme began with four experiments— PHENIX, STAR, PHOBOS, and BRAHMS—all dedicated to study collisions of highly relativistic nuclei. Unlike fixed-target experiments, collider experiments steer two accelerated beams of ions toward each other at (in the case of RHIC) six interaction regions. At RHIC, ions can be accelerated (depending on the ion size) from 100 GeV/nucleon to 250 GeV/nucleon. Since each colliding ion possesses this energy moving in opposite directions, the maximal energy of the collisions can achieve a center-of-mass collision energy of 200 GeV/nucleon for gold and 500 GeV/nucleon for protons. The ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) detector at the LHC at CERN is specialized in studying Pb–Pb nuclei collisions at a center-of-mass energy of 2.76 TeV per nucleon pair. All major LHC detectors—ALICE, ATLAS, CMS and LHCb—participate in the heavy-ion programme. (en) Les réactions nucléaires avec des noyaux lourds (ou avec des ions lourds) sont des réactions provoquées par la collision de deux noyaux atomiques accélérés, soit naturellement comme les rayons cosmiques ou lors de la nucléosynthèse stellaire, soit artificiellement par des accélérateurs. On les distingue des réactions avec des particules légères (photons, protons, neutrons ou particule α) ; les noyaux du faisceau vont du plus léger comme le lithium (nombre de nucléons A = 6) aux plus lourds comme l'uranium (A = 238). Le paramètre essentiel est l'énergie cinétique des noyaux accélérés, qui se mesure en MeV par nucléon (traditionnellement notée MeV/A). Désormais, la gamme d’énergie accessible est très étendue, elle va de quelques MeV/A à la quelques TeV/A (un facteur 106). Il en résulte une très grande variété de phénomènes. Par exemple : à basse énergie, création de deux noyaux en sortie, proches des noyaux initiaux ; à plus haute énergie, multifragmentation (noyaux légers et nucléons isolés) et création de particules élémentaires nouvelles ; dissociation des nucléons eux-mêmes aux énergies ultrarelativistes. (fr) A física nuclear de alta energia estuda o comportamento da matéria nuclear em regimes de energia típicos da física de alta energia. O foco principal deste campo é o estudo de colisões de íons pesados, em comparação com átomos mais leves em outros aceleradores de partículas. Em energias de colisão suficientes, esses tipos de colisões são teorizados para produzir o plasma quark-glúon. Em colisões nucleares periféricas em altas energias espera-se obter informações sobre a produção eletromagnética de léptons e mésons que não são acessíveis em colisores elétron-pósitron devido às suas luminosidades muito menores. (pt) |
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| rdfs:comment | فيزياء نووية عالية الطاقة تدرس الفيزياء النووية عالية الطاقة سلوك المادة النووية في أنظمة الطاقة النموذجية لفيزياء الطاقة العالية. (ar) A física nuclear de alta energia estuda o comportamento da matéria nuclear em regimes de energia típicos da física de alta energia. O foco principal deste campo é o estudo de colisões de íons pesados, em comparação com átomos mais leves em outros aceleradores de partículas. Em energias de colisão suficientes, esses tipos de colisões são teorizados para produzir o plasma quark-glúon. Em colisões nucleares periféricas em altas energias espera-se obter informações sobre a produção eletromagnética de léptons e mésons que não são acessíveis em colisores elétron-pósitron devido às suas luminosidades muito menores. (pt) High-energy nuclear physics studies the behavior of nuclear matter in energy regimes typical of high-energy physics. The primary focus of this field is the study of heavy-ion collisions, as compared to lighter atoms in other particle accelerators. At sufficient collision energies, these types of collisions are theorized to produce the quark–gluon plasma. In peripheral nuclear collisions at high energies one expects to obtain information on the electromagnetic production of leptons and mesons that are not accessible in electron–positron colliders due to their much smaller luminosities. (en) Les réactions nucléaires avec des noyaux lourds (ou avec des ions lourds) sont des réactions provoquées par la collision de deux noyaux atomiques accélérés, soit naturellement comme les rayons cosmiques ou lors de la nucléosynthèse stellaire, soit artificiellement par des accélérateurs. On les distingue des réactions avec des particules légères (photons, protons, neutrons ou particule α) ; les noyaux du faisceau vont du plus léger comme le lithium (nombre de nucléons A = 6) aux plus lourds comme l'uranium (A = 238). (fr) |
| rdfs:label | فيزياء نووية عالية الطاقة (ar) High-energy nuclear physics (en) Réactions nucléaires avec des ions lourds (fr) Física nuclear de alta energia (pt) |
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