James Beckwourth (original) (raw)
جيمس بيكورث. (بالإنجليزية: James Beckwourth) كان تاجرًا ومستكشفًا أمريكيًا. عُرف بيكورث باسم «الذراع الدموية» بسبب مهارته كمقاتل.
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| dbo:abstract | James Pierson Beckwourth, původně James Beckwith (* 1798 nebo 1800 — 29. října 1866 Denver) byl americký a dobrodruh, výrazná postava osidlování Divokého západu. Je po něm pojmenován průsmyk v Sieře Nevadě a městečko v Kalifornii. Narodil se ve Virginii, jeho otec Jennings Beckwith byl majitel plantáže z irské šlechtické rodiny a matka černá otrokyně. Podle tehdejších zákonů byl James majetkem svého otce, s nímž se v dětství přestěhoval do St. Louis, kde pracoval jako kovář a horník. V roce 1824 byl propuštěn z otroctví a vstoupil do , která lovila bobry pro kožešinu v povodí Green River. Naučil se metodám přežití v divočině a díky vypravěčskému talentu se stal důležitou postavou pravidelného setkání lovců kožešin . V roce 1828 padl do zajetí domorodého kmene (Crow, Absaroke). Oženil se s indiánkou a stal se uznávaným bojovníkem, podle vlastního tvrzení byl náčelníkem klanu, což byl ovšem u prérijních kmenů spíše neformální titul. Roku 1837 od indiánů odešel, údajně v důsledku romance s obávanou válečnicí Barcheeampe, a vrátil se do St. Louis, kde vstoupil do armády a bojoval na Floridě proti Seminolům. Po demobilizaci si otevřel obchod na , v době mexicko-americké války byl americkým zvědem. Za kalifornské zlaté horečky objevil nejkratší cestu přes pohoří Sierra Nevada, po níž pak za úplatu provázel zlatokopy. Později provozoval vlastní ranč a hostinec, živil se i jako překupník koní, roku 1864 se přidal k milicím bojujícím proti domorodcům, které spáchaly . Po této události ho indiáni začali pokládat za zrádce, Beckwourthova smrt o dva roky později bývá vysvětlována tím, že ho indiáni z pomsty otrávili, i když spolehlivé důkazy chybějí. Roku 1856 zapsal jeho vzpomínky smírčí soudce a vydal je pod názvem The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth, Mountaineer, Scout, Pioneer and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Kniha byla ve své době odmítnuta jako snůška výmyslů, k čemuž vedle Beckwourthova sklonu k přehánění přispěl i jeho míšenecký původ. Teprve ve druhé polovině 20. století byl Beckwourth doceněn jako odvážný průkopník, znalec Skalnatých hor a významná osobnost afroamerické historie. (cs) James Pierson Beckwourth (* 26. April 1798 oder 1800 als James P. Beckwith in Frederick County, Virginia; † 29. Oktober 1866 im Norden Colorados), auch Jim Beckwourth, war ein Sklave, Trapper, Indianerhäuptling, Soldat, Händler, Gastwirt und Scout im Wilden Westen. Er war an vielen wesentlichen Ereignissen und Entwicklungen der Erkundung, wirtschaftlichen Erschließung und Besiedlung des amerikanischen Westens beteiligt, ohne dabei jemals eine führende Rolle einzunehmen. Frühere Chronisten des Wilden Westens ignorierten seine 1856 erschienenen Lebenserinnerungen The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth wegen ihrer teils lachhaften Übertreibungen und taten ihn als Aufschneider ab. Erst seit die Geschichtswissenschaft die Quellen des 19. Jahrhunderts systematisch erschlossen hat, wird Beckwourth als nach seinem ereignisreichen Leben in der Erinnerung teilweise unzuverlässiger, in Details wie am Lagerfeuer fabulierender, aber in den großen Linien glaubwürdiger Zeitzeuge akzeptiert. Aufgrund seiner Abstammung von einer Mutter, die nach den Gesetzen ihrer Zeit als Schwarze galt, und seiner Geburt als Sklave wird James P. Beckwourth seit der Bürgerrechtsbewegung als ein früher Vertreter der emanzipierten Afroamerikaner angesehen und in mehreren Kinder- und Jugendbüchern als Vorbild dargestellt. (de) جيمس بيكورث. (بالإنجليزية: James Beckwourth) كان تاجرًا ومستكشفًا أمريكيًا. عُرف بيكورث باسم «الذراع الدموية» بسبب مهارته كمقاتل. (ar) James Pierson Beckwourth, Jim Beckworth o James P. Beckwith ( * 26 de abril de 1798, Virginia - 29 de octubre de 1866, Denver) fue un hombre rural de los Estados Unidos, recordado por su obra The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth. Nacido inmerso en la esclavitud de padre blanco y madre esclava, fue llevado por su progenitor a San Luis y puesto en libertad. Entre 1823 y 1824, fue contratado por expediciones comerciales que se dirigían hacia las Montañas Rocosas. Se casó con varias mujeres indígenas y vivió entre los Crow durante aproximadamente seis años. En plena fiebre del oro de California, estableció una ruta comercial a través de la Sierra Nevada. En California conoció a que en 1856 le publicó muchos de sus recuerdos e historias, reavivadas hoy en día en muchos textos para niños. * Datos: Q1374280 * Multimedia: James Beckwourth / Q1374280 (es) James Pierson Beckwourth (born Beckwith, April 26, 1798 or 1800 – October 29, 1866 or 1867), was an American mountain man, fur trader, and explorer. Beckwourth was known as "Bloody Arm" because of his skill as a fighter. He was mixed-race and born into slavery in Virginia. He was freed by his white father (and owner) and apprenticed to a blacksmith so that he could learn a trade. As a young man, Beckwourth moved to the American West, first making connections with fur traders in St. Louis. As a fur trapper, he lived with the Crow Nation for years. He is credited with the discovery of Beckwourth Pass through the Sierra Nevada, between present-day Reno, Nevada, and Portola, California, during the California Gold Rush years. He improved the Beckwourth Trail, which thousands of settlers followed to central California. Beckwourth narrated his life story to , who was described as "an itinerant justice of the peace", but was also a temperance speaker and journalist, who, according to his preface, by chance was present in Beckwourth's rustic California hotel when he decided to dictate his memoirs. The book was published in New York City and London in 1856 as The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. A translation appeared in France in 1860. The reliability of Beckworth's autobiography was called into question from the beginning; an editor of it quoted the observation "that some one said of him that some men are rarely worthy of belief, but that Jim was always Beckwourthy of un-belief." "I knew Jim intimately and he was the biggest liar that ever lived." A review when it appeared called it "half fiction": [P]arts of the tale smack of the "fish story." Mr. Beckwourth, or his narrator, has it all his own way, and we can fancy a lurking smile at the thought how glibly he puts together such a discordant mass of material brought out from the storehouse of memory, where there is no one at hand positively to contradict him. Elinor Wilson has defended Beckwourth's narration as a valuable source of social history, especially for life among the Crow, although not all its details are reliable or accurate. The civil rights movement of the 1960s celebrated Beckwourth as an early African-American pioneer. He has since been featured as a role model in children's literature and textbooks. (en) James Pierson Beckwourth, né le 6 avril 1798 dans le comté de Frederick (Virginie) et mort le 29 octobre 1866 à Denver, est un mountain man, trappeur et explorateur américain. Mulâtre né en esclavage en Virginie, il est libéré par son maître (et père). Il devient apprenti forgeron, puis déménage dans l'ouest américain. Devenu trappeur, il vit avec les Crows pendant plusieurs années. On lui reconnaît la découverte de la Beckwourth Pass le long des Sierra Nevada, entre Reno (Nevada) et Portola, lors de la ruée vers l'or en Californie. On lui reconnait également l'amélioration de la . Il a raconté l'histoire de sa vie à Thomas D. Bonner, qui en a fait un livre publié à New York et Londres en 1856 sous le titre de The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Une traduction en français a été publiée en France en 1860. (fr) James Pierson Beckwourth (contea di Frederick, 6 aprile 1798 – Denver, 29 ottobre 1866) è stato un esploratore statunitense, oltre che trapper e commerciante di pellicce.Mulatto afroamericano nato in schiavitù in Virginia, si trasferì nel West. Montanaro cacciatore, visse con i Crow per anni. A lui dobbiamo la scoperta del in Sierra Nevada. Questo attirò a Reno e Portola moltissimi minatori durante la corsa all'oro californiana. Beckwourth narrò la sua biografia a , un giudice di pace itinerante.Questo libro fu pubblicato a New York e Londra nel 1856, col titolo di The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth: Mountaineer, Scout and Pioneer, and Chief of the Crow Nation of Indians. Beckwourth divenne un modello di integrazione razziale per aver vissuto con i Crow per molti anni e per essere stato il primo pioniere afroamericano. Il census-designated place di Beckwourth, nella contea di Plumas in California, deve a lui il proprio nome. (it) James Pierson Beckwourth, znany także jako Jim Beckwith (ur. 6 kwietnia 1798 w hrabstwie Frederick, zm. 29 października 1866 w Denver) – amerykański czarnoskóry traper, handlarz futer i zwiadowca na żołdzie US Army. (pl) James Pierson Beckwourth, Jim Beckworth ou James P. Beckwith (26 de abril de 1798, Virgínia - 29 de outubro de 1866, Denver) foi um "mountain man" e explorador dos Estados Unidos, recordado pela sua obra The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth. Nascido na escravatura de pai branco e mãe escrava negra, foi levado pelo pai para Saint Louis e libertado. Entre 1823 e 1924, foi contratado por expedições comerciais que se dirigiam para as Montanhas Rochosas. Casou-se com várias mulheres indígenas e viveu entre os Crow durante aproximadamente seis anos. Em plena corrida ao ouro da Califórnia, estabeleceu uma rota comercial através da Sierra Nevada. Na Califórnia conheceu o juiz de paz que em 1856 publicou muitos dos seus relatos e histórias, reavivados hoje em dia em vários textos para crianças. Os mais antigos historiadores do Velho Oeste consideraram irrelevante o livro, mas este tem sido recuperado como fonte incomparável para a história social, nomeadamente para a vida entre os ameríndios Crow, embora alguns pormenores não sejam fiáveis. O movimento dos direitos civis da década de 1960 celebrou Beckwourth como um dos primeiros pioneiros afro-americanos. (pt) Джеймс Пирсон Бекуорт (англ. James Pierson Beckwourth; 6 апреля 1798 — 29 октября 1866) — американский первопроходец, маунтинмен и торговец. (ru) |
| dbo:alias | James Beckwith (en) |
| dbo:birthDate | 1798-04-26 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:birthName | James Pierson Beckwourth (en) |
| dbo:birthPlace | dbr:Frederick_County,_Virginia |
| dbo:birthYear | 1798-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:deathDate | 1866-10-28 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:deathPlace | dbr:Denver dbr:Colorado_Territory |
| dbo:deathYear | 1866-01-01 (xsd:gYear) |
| dbo:employer | dbr:Rocky_Mountain_Fur_Company dbr:American_Fur_Company dbr:Federal_government_of_the_United_States |
| dbo:occupation | dbr:Wrangler_(profession) dbr:James_Beckwourth__PersonFunction__1 |
| dbo:restingPlace | dbr:Albany_County,_Wyoming dbr:Laramie,_Wyoming dbr:Wyoming |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/James_Beckwourth.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://www.historycolorado.org/sites/default/files/media/document/2018/ColoradoMagazine_v5n4_August1928.pdf https://archive.org/details/cihm_27944/page/n5/mode/2up= https://archive.org/details/jimbeckwourthbla0000wils/page/n9/mode/2up https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt%3Fid=mdp.39015056089801&view=1up&seq=469 https://oac.cdlib.org/search%3Fstyle=oac4;Institution=California%20State%20Library::California%20History%20Room;idT=001553032 |
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| dbp:author | Bonner (en) |
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| dbp:birthName | James Pierson Beckwourth (en) |
| dbp:birthPlace | Frederick County, Virginia, U.S. (en) |
| dbp:caption | James P. Beckwourth, circa 1856 (en) |
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| dbp:deathDate | 0001-10-28 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:deathPlace | Denver, Colorado Territory, U.S. (en) |
| dbp:employer | enslaver, Rocky Mountain Fur Company, American Fur Company, Bent, St. Vrain, & Company, U.S. Government, self employed (en) |
| dbp:knownFor | Being one of the few African-American mountain men, on the American Western Frontier (en) |
| dbp:name | James Beckwourth (en) |
| dbp:occupation | blacksmith, trapper, wrangler, soldier, rancher, hotel keeper, store keeper, author, scout (en) |
| dbp:otherNames | James Beckwith (en) |
| dbp:restingPlace | Crow Indian Settlement, Burial Ground, Laramie, Albany County, Wyoming, U.S. (en) |
| dbp:spouse | An African-American wife and 2 Native American wives (en) |
| dbp:title | The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | جيمس بيكورث. (بالإنجليزية: James Beckwourth) كان تاجرًا ومستكشفًا أمريكيًا. عُرف بيكورث باسم «الذراع الدموية» بسبب مهارته كمقاتل. (ar) James Pierson Beckwourth, znany także jako Jim Beckwith (ur. 6 kwietnia 1798 w hrabstwie Frederick, zm. 29 października 1866 w Denver) – amerykański czarnoskóry traper, handlarz futer i zwiadowca na żołdzie US Army. (pl) Джеймс Пирсон Бекуорт (англ. James Pierson Beckwourth; 6 апреля 1798 — 29 октября 1866) — американский первопроходец, маунтинмен и торговец. (ru) James Pierson Beckwourth, původně James Beckwith (* 1798 nebo 1800 — 29. října 1866 Denver) byl americký a dobrodruh, výrazná postava osidlování Divokého západu. Je po něm pojmenován průsmyk v Sieře Nevadě a městečko v Kalifornii. (cs) James Pierson Beckwourth (* 26. April 1798 oder 1800 als James P. Beckwith in Frederick County, Virginia; † 29. Oktober 1866 im Norden Colorados), auch Jim Beckwourth, war ein Sklave, Trapper, Indianerhäuptling, Soldat, Händler, Gastwirt und Scout im Wilden Westen. Er war an vielen wesentlichen Ereignissen und Entwicklungen der Erkundung, wirtschaftlichen Erschließung und Besiedlung des amerikanischen Westens beteiligt, ohne dabei jemals eine führende Rolle einzunehmen. (de) James Pierson Beckwourth, Jim Beckworth o James P. Beckwith ( * 26 de abril de 1798, Virginia - 29 de octubre de 1866, Denver) fue un hombre rural de los Estados Unidos, recordado por su obra The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth. Nacido inmerso en la esclavitud de padre blanco y madre esclava, fue llevado por su progenitor a San Luis y puesto en libertad. Entre 1823 y 1824, fue contratado por expediciones comerciales que se dirigían hacia las Montañas Rocosas. Se casó con varias mujeres indígenas y vivió entre los Crow durante aproximadamente seis años. (es) James Pierson Beckwourth (born Beckwith, April 26, 1798 or 1800 – October 29, 1866 or 1867), was an American mountain man, fur trader, and explorer. Beckwourth was known as "Bloody Arm" because of his skill as a fighter. He was mixed-race and born into slavery in Virginia. He was freed by his white father (and owner) and apprenticed to a blacksmith so that he could learn a trade. (en) James Pierson Beckwourth, né le 6 avril 1798 dans le comté de Frederick (Virginie) et mort le 29 octobre 1866 à Denver, est un mountain man, trappeur et explorateur américain. Mulâtre né en esclavage en Virginie, il est libéré par son maître (et père). Il devient apprenti forgeron, puis déménage dans l'ouest américain. Devenu trappeur, il vit avec les Crows pendant plusieurs années. On lui reconnaît la découverte de la Beckwourth Pass le long des Sierra Nevada, entre Reno (Nevada) et Portola, lors de la ruée vers l'or en Californie. On lui reconnait également l'amélioration de la . (fr) James Pierson Beckwourth (contea di Frederick, 6 aprile 1798 – Denver, 29 ottobre 1866) è stato un esploratore statunitense, oltre che trapper e commerciante di pellicce.Mulatto afroamericano nato in schiavitù in Virginia, si trasferì nel West. Montanaro cacciatore, visse con i Crow per anni. A lui dobbiamo la scoperta del in Sierra Nevada. Questo attirò a Reno e Portola moltissimi minatori durante la corsa all'oro californiana. Beckwourth divenne un modello di integrazione razziale per aver vissuto con i Crow per molti anni e per essere stato il primo pioniere afroamericano. (it) James Pierson Beckwourth, Jim Beckworth ou James P. Beckwith (26 de abril de 1798, Virgínia - 29 de outubro de 1866, Denver) foi um "mountain man" e explorador dos Estados Unidos, recordado pela sua obra The Life and Adventures of James P. Beckwourth. Nascido na escravatura de pai branco e mãe escrava negra, foi levado pelo pai para Saint Louis e libertado. Entre 1823 e 1924, foi contratado por expedições comerciais que se dirigiam para as Montanhas Rochosas. Casou-se com várias mulheres indígenas e viveu entre os Crow durante aproximadamente seis anos. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | جيمس بيكورث (ar) James Beckwourth (cs) James P. Beckwourth (de) James Beckwourth (es) James Beckwourth (fr) James Beckwourth (en) James Beckwourth (it) James Beckwourth (pl) James Beckwourth (pt) Бекуорт, Джеймс (ru) |
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