| dbo:abstract |
جيمس هنري سكولين (18 سبتمبر 1876 - 28 يناير 1953)، سياسي من حزب العمال الأسترالي ورئيس وزراء أستراليا التاسع. قاد سكولين حزب العمال إلى الحكومة في انتخابات عام 1929. حدث انهيار وول ستريت عام 1929 بعد يومين فقط من أدائه القسم، وهو ما كان بمثابة بداية للكساد الكبير في أستراليا. سرعان ما طغت الأزمة الاقتصادية على إدارة سكولين، إذ تسببت الخلافات الشخصية والسياسية في انقسام ثلاثي لحزبه من شأنه أن يسقط الحكومة في أواخر عام 1931. وعلى الرغم من فترة ولايته الفوضوية، ظل سكولين شخصية بارزة في حزب العمال طوال حياته. شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء في مناصب مختلفة للحزب حتى تقاعده في عام 1949. أمضى سكولين، وهو ابن لمهاجرين إيرلنديين من الطبقة العاملة، الكثير من حياته المبكرة كعامل أوبقّال. انضم سكولين إلى حزب العمال الأسترالي في عام 1903، ليبدأ حياته المهنية التي امتدت لخمسة عقود. كان منظمًا سياسيًا ومحررًا للصحف الحزبية، وانتُخب في مجلس النواب أولاً في عام 1910 ثم مرة أخرى في عام 1922 حتى عام 1949. سرعان ما أثبت سكولين نفسه كصوت رائد في البرلمان، وترقى ليصبح نائبًا لقائد الحزب في عام 1927 ثم زعيمًا للمعارضة عام 1928. بعد فوز سكولين في انتخابات ساحقة في عام 1929، أخذت الأحداث تغيرًا جذريًا مع الأزمة في وول ستريت والبداية السريعة للكساد العظيم في جميع أنحاء العالم، والذي أصاب أستراليا المثقلة بالديون بشدة. استجاب سكولين وأمين الخزانة الخاص به تيد ثيودور للأزمة من خلال تطوير عدة خطط خلال عامي 1930 و1931 لسداد الديون الخارجية، وتوفير الإغاثة للمزارعين وخلق حافز اقتصادي للحد من البطالة على أساس الإنفاق والسياسة النقدية التوسعية. على الرغم من أن الثورة ستشهد تبني هذه الأفكار من قبل معظم الدول الغربية بحلول نهاية العقد، إلا أن هذه الأفكار في عام 1931 اعتبرت جذرية ورُفضت بشدة من قبل العديد ممن خافوا من التضخم والدمار الاقتصادي. مجلس الشيوخ الذي ما تزال تهيمن عليه المعارضة، والمجالس التي يهيمن عليها المحافظون في بنك الكومنولث ومجلس القروض، أعاقت تنفيذ تلك الخطط مرارًا وتكرارًا. مع احتمال الإفلاس الذي يواجه الحكومة، تراجع سكولين وبدلاً من ذلك قدم خطة بريمييرز، وهو إجراء أكثر تحفظًا واجه الأزمة بتخفيضات شديدة في الإنفاق الحكومي. تأثر المتقاعدون وغيرهم من الفئات الأساسية لحزب العمال بشدة بالتخفيضات، ما أدى إلى تمرد واسع النطاق وانشقاقات متعددة في البرلمان. بعد عدة أشهر من النزاع الداخلي، انهارت الحكومة، وهُزمت بشكل ساحق من قبل حزب أستراليا المتحدة المُشكل حديثًا في انتخابات عام 1931 اللاحقة. ظل سكولين زعيمًا للحزب لمدة أربع سنوات أخرى، لكن الانقسام الحزبي لن ينتهي إلا بعد عودة سكولين إلى مقعده في عام 1935. أصبح سكولين صوتًا محترمًا في الحزب وسلطة قيادية في مجال الضرائب والتمويل الحكومي، وفي النهاية لعب دورًا مهمًا في إصلاح كليهما عندما عاد حزب العمل إلى الحكومة في عام 1941. وعلى الرغم من خيبة أمله في فترة ولايته، إلا أنه عاش طويلًا بما يكفي لرؤية العديد من أفكار حكومته تنفذ من قبل الحكومات اللاحقة قبل وفاته في عام 1953. (ar) James Henry Scullin (* 18. September 1876 in , Victoria; † 28. Januar 1953 in Melbourne, Victoria) war der 9. Premierminister Australiens. Seine Amtszeit dauerte vom 22. Oktober 1929 bis zum 6. Januar 1932. Er war der erste Katholik in diesem Amt. Vom 26. April 1928 bis zum 22. Oktober 1929, sowie vom 6. Januar 1932 bis zum 1. Oktober 1935 war er der Oppositionsführer. (de) James Henry Scullin australiar politikaria izan zen. Australiako 9. lehen ministroa izan zen 1929tik 1932ra. Irlandar jatorriko langile klaseko familia batean jaio zen. Langile eta dendari lanetan aritu zen . Autodidakta izan zen eta 1903an sartu zen Australiako Alderdi Laboristan. 1910ean aukeratu zuten lehen aldiz parlamentuko kide eta berriro 1922an. 1949 arte egon zen diputatu. 1928an oposizioko buru bihurtu zen eta gehiengo handiz irabazi zituen 1929ko hauteskundeak. Bere agintaldia 1929ko Depresio Handiaren ondorioekin bat etorri zen. Kanpo-zorra ordaintzeko, nekazariei laguntzeko eta pizgarri ekonomikoak sortzeko hainbat plan ezartzen saiatu zen. Hala ere, Senatuak planak blokeatu zituen eta Scullinek murrizketa politika ezarri behar izan zuen. Bere alderdi politikoa zatitu egin zen eta 1931ko hauteskundeak galdu zituzten. * Datuak: Q23362 * Multimedia: James Scullin (eu) James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was an Australian Labor Party politician and the ninth Prime Minister of Australia. Scullin led Labor to government at the 1929 Australian federal election. He was the first Catholic, as well as Irish-Australian, to serve as Prime Minister of Australia. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 transpired just two days after his swearing in, which would herald the beginning of the Great Depression in Australia. Scullin's administration would soon be overwhelmed by the economic crisis, with interpersonal and policy disagreements causing a three-way split of his party that would bring down the government in late 1931. Despite his chaotic term of office, Scullin remained a leading figure in the Labor movement throughout his lifetime, and served as an éminence grise in various capacities for the party until his retirement in 1949. The son of working-class Irish-immigrants, Scullin spent much of his early life as a laborer and grocer in Ballarat. An autodidact and passionate debater, Scullin made the most of Ballarat's facilities — the public library and South Street Debating Society. He joined the Australian Labor Party in 1903, beginning a career spanning five decades. He was a political organizer and newspaper editor for the party, and was elected to the Australian House of Representatives first in 1910 and then again in 1922 until 1949. Scullin quickly established himself as a leading voice in parliament, rapidly rising to become deputy leader of the party in 1927 and then Leader of the Opposition in 1928. After Scullin won a landslide election in 1929, events took a dramatic change with the crisis on Wall Street and the rapid onset of the Great Depression around the world, which hit heavily indebted Australia hard. Scullin and his Treasurer Ted Theodore responded by developing several plans during 1930 and 1931 to repay foreign debt, provide relief to farmers and create economic stimulus to curb unemployment based on deficit spending and expansionary monetary policy. Although the Keynesian Revolution would see these ideas adopted by most Western nations by the end of the decade, in 1931 such ideas were considered radical and the plans were bitterly opposed by many who feared hyperinflation and economic ruin. The still opposition-dominated Australian Senate, and the conservative-dominated boards of the Commonwealth Bank and Loan Council, repeatedly blocked the plans. With the prospect of bankruptcy facing the government, Scullin backed down and instead advanced the Premiers' Plan, a far more conservative measure that met the crisis with severe cutbacks in government spending. Pensioners and other core Labor constituencies were severely affected by the cuts, leading to a widespread revolt and multiple defections in parliament. After several months of infighting the government collapsed, and was resoundingly defeated by the newly formed United Australia Party at the subsequent 1931 election. Scullin would remain party leader for four more years, losing the 1934 election but the party split would not be healed until after Scullin's return to the backbenches in 1935. Scullin became a respected elder voice within the party and leading authority on taxation and government finance, and would eventually play a significant role in reforming both when Labor returned to government in 1941. Although disappointed with his own term of office, he nonetheless lived long enough to see many of his government's ideas implemented by subsequent governments before his death in 1953. (en) James Scullin (18 de septiembre de 1876 – 28 de enero de 1953) fue un político australiano, miembro del Partido Laborista Australiano y noveno Primer Ministro de Australia. Scullin lideró el gobierno laborista en la elección de 1929. El crac del año 1929 ocurrió tan solo dos días después de asumir, lo que sería el principio de la Gran Depresión en Australia. El gobierno de Scullin pronto se vio abrumado por la crisis económica, que causaría una ruptura en tres vertientes de su partido y terminarían por hacer caer a su gobierno en 1931. A pesar de su caótica salida del gobierno, Scullin permaneció como una importante figura Laborista durante toda su vida, y fue visto como una eminencia gris en varios líderes del partido hasta su retiro en 1949. (es) Ba pholaiteoir é James Scullin (18 Meán Fómhair 1876 - 28 Eanáir 1953). B'eisean an naoú Príomh-Aire ar an Astráil. (ga) James Henry Scullin (18 septembre 1876, , Victoria – 28 janvier 1953, Melbourne, Victoria), est un homme d'État travailliste australien qui fut le 9e Premier ministre d'Australie. (fr) James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 Januari 1953), adalah politikus Partai Buruh Australia yang menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Australia ke-9 dari tahun 1929 sampai tahun 1932. Ia adalah anggota Parlemen Australia untuk divisi elektoral dari tahun 1922 sampai tahun 1949. Scullin memimpin Partai Buruh hingga mengambil alih pemerintahan pada . Runtuhnya Wall Street 1929 terjadi hanya dua hari setelah ia disumpah sebagai perdana menteri. Keruntuhan Wall Street 1929 menyebabkan . Scullin sudah berada dalam posisi politik yang lemah, dan cobaan krisis ekonomi terbukti terlalu berat Scullin. Ditambah perselisihan antarpribadi dan perselisihan kebijakan yang akhirnya menyebabkan perpecahan tiga arah di dalam partainya, pemerintahannya jatuh pada akhir tahun 1931. Meskipun terjadi kekacauan ketika menjabat perdana menteri, Scullin tetap menjadi tokoh terkemuka dalam gerakan Buruh sepanjang hidupnya, dan menjabat sebagai dalam berbagai kapasitas untuk partainya hingga pensiun pada tahun 1949. (in) James Henry Scullin è stato un politico australiano, nono primo ministro del suo Paese. Figlio di un ferroviere di origini cattolico-irlandesi, dopo la licenza elementare, lavorò come droghiere a mentre studiava alle scuole serali e frequentava la biblioteca pubblica. Nel 1903 si iscrisse nel partito laburista australiano e divenne un organizzatore del sindacato ed editore del quotidiano laburista di Ballarat, Evening Echo (eco della sera). Per tutta la vita egli fu un devoto cattolico. (it) 제임스 스컬린(영어: James Scullin, 1876년 9월 18일~1953년 1월 28일)는 오스트레일리아의 정치인이다. 1929년부터 1932년까지 오스트레일리아의 총리를 역임했다. (ko) James Scullin (ur. 18 września 1876 w , Wiktoria, zm. 28 stycznia 1953 w Melbourne) – australijski polityk i dziennikarz, w latach 1929-1931 premier tego kraju. (pl) James Henry Scullin ( (Victoria), 18 september 1876 - Melbourne (Victoria), 28 januari 1953) was Australisch politicus. Hij was de 9e premier van Australië. (nl) Джеймс Генри Скаллин, или Джим Скаллин (18 сентября 1876 года — 28 января 1953 года) — австралийский политик, девятый премьер-министр страны. Первый премьер-министр, рождённый на территории Австралии. (ru) Джеймс Генрі Скаллін (англ. James Henry Scullin) (18 вересня 1876 – 28 січня 1953), австралійський політичний діяч і дев’ятий Прем'єр-міністр Австралії. За два дні після того, як його було приведено до присяги як Прем’єр-міністра, відбулася «Катастрофа на Волл-стріт 1929», що ознаменувала початок Великої Депресії і, як наслідок, . (uk) 詹姆士·亨利·斯卡林（英語：James Henry Scullin，1876年9月18日－1953年1月28日），昵称“吉姆·斯卡林”（Jim Scullin），是澳大利亚工党籍政治家，第九任澳大利亚总理。斯卡林1929年带领工党赢得大选。就职两天后发生1929年华尔街股灾，并在澳大利亚引发大萧条。斯卡林政府因此被经济危机困扰，同时人际关系问题和政策分歧导致党内分裂为三派，因此1931年末政府倒台。虽然他的总理任期内政府相当混乱，斯卡林在世时一直是工党劳工运动内的领导人物，在卸任总理后在党内担任要职直到1949年退休。 斯卡林的父母是工人阶级的爱尔兰移民，斯卡林早年在巴拉瑞特做过劳力工并经营过杂货铺。他自学了文化知识，并热衷辩论，在1903加入工党，开始了跨越50年的政治生涯。入党后，他担任了政治组织职务和党营报刊编辑，1910年首次入选澳大利亚众议院，1922年再次当选并担任议员至1949年。在国会，斯卡林很快成为工党的领导性人物之一，1927年成为副党魁，1928年成为党魁、反对党领袖。 1929年大选中，斯卡林带领工党夺得压倒性胜利，但几天后事态就发生戏剧性变化。华尔街危机迅速导致席卷全球的大萧条危机，澳大利亚由于负债较高受到特别大的冲击。作为反应，斯卡林和他的财政大臣在1930年和1931年数次制定了基于赤字财政以及扩张性货币政策的计划，偿还外债、减轻农民负担以及采用经济刺激政策缓解失业率。虽然在30年代末随着经济学界的“凯恩斯革命”这类政策会在西方国家广泛受到接受，在1931年的时候这种政策还被认为是非常激进的，反对者认为这种政策会引起超级通货膨胀和经济毁灭。因此在实行政策时，斯卡林政府屡屡受到仍被保守党派控制的参议院、观点保守的联邦银行董事局以及国家借贷理事会的阻挠。 面对着政府破产的威胁，斯卡林被迫妥协，接受了“州长计划”，此计划由数州州长商定，于联邦政府计划相比要保守的多，主要以缩减政府开支来应对危机。开支缩减对领退休金的老人以及其他工党的核心支持群体影响特别大，在国会内引起党团叛乱，发生多起议员倒戈。在经历数月的内讧之后斯卡林政府倒台，在接下去的1931年的联邦大选中工党被新成立的澳大利亚联合党以决定性的多数击败。 此后斯卡林留任党魁达四年之久，但党内的分裂一直到1935年斯卡林卸任、成为后座议员后才得以缓解。斯卡林成为党内受尊敬的元老人物，特别在税收和政府财政方面成为专家，在工党1941年重新执政后为这两方面的改革政策作出相当贡献。虽然斯卡林对自己的总理任期较失望，但他在有生之年看到他的许多政见在后来的工党政府治下付诸实行。1953年去世，安葬於。 (zh) |
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James Henry Scullin (* 18. September 1876 in , Victoria; † 28. Januar 1953 in Melbourne, Victoria) war der 9. Premierminister Australiens. Seine Amtszeit dauerte vom 22. Oktober 1929 bis zum 6. Januar 1932. Er war der erste Katholik in diesem Amt. Vom 26. April 1928 bis zum 22. Oktober 1929, sowie vom 6. Januar 1932 bis zum 1. Oktober 1935 war er der Oppositionsführer. (de) James Scullin (18 de septiembre de 1876 – 28 de enero de 1953) fue un político australiano, miembro del Partido Laborista Australiano y noveno Primer Ministro de Australia. Scullin lideró el gobierno laborista en la elección de 1929. El crac del año 1929 ocurrió tan solo dos días después de asumir, lo que sería el principio de la Gran Depresión en Australia. El gobierno de Scullin pronto se vio abrumado por la crisis económica, que causaría una ruptura en tres vertientes de su partido y terminarían por hacer caer a su gobierno en 1931. A pesar de su caótica salida del gobierno, Scullin permaneció como una importante figura Laborista durante toda su vida, y fue visto como una eminencia gris en varios líderes del partido hasta su retiro en 1949. (es) Ba pholaiteoir é James Scullin (18 Meán Fómhair 1876 - 28 Eanáir 1953). B'eisean an naoú Príomh-Aire ar an Astráil. (ga) James Henry Scullin (18 septembre 1876, , Victoria – 28 janvier 1953, Melbourne, Victoria), est un homme d'État travailliste australien qui fut le 9e Premier ministre d'Australie. (fr) James Henry Scullin è stato un politico australiano, nono primo ministro del suo Paese. Figlio di un ferroviere di origini cattolico-irlandesi, dopo la licenza elementare, lavorò come droghiere a mentre studiava alle scuole serali e frequentava la biblioteca pubblica. Nel 1903 si iscrisse nel partito laburista australiano e divenne un organizzatore del sindacato ed editore del quotidiano laburista di Ballarat, Evening Echo (eco della sera). Per tutta la vita egli fu un devoto cattolico. (it) 제임스 스컬린(영어: James Scullin, 1876년 9월 18일~1953년 1월 28일)는 오스트레일리아의 정치인이다. 1929년부터 1932년까지 오스트레일리아의 총리를 역임했다. (ko) James Scullin (ur. 18 września 1876 w , Wiktoria, zm. 28 stycznia 1953 w Melbourne) – australijski polityk i dziennikarz, w latach 1929-1931 premier tego kraju. (pl) James Henry Scullin ( (Victoria), 18 september 1876 - Melbourne (Victoria), 28 januari 1953) was Australisch politicus. Hij was de 9e premier van Australië. (nl) Джеймс Генри Скаллин, или Джим Скаллин (18 сентября 1876 года — 28 января 1953 года) — австралийский политик, девятый премьер-министр страны. Первый премьер-министр, рождённый на территории Австралии. (ru) Джеймс Генрі Скаллін (англ. James Henry Scullin) (18 вересня 1876 – 28 січня 1953), австралійський політичний діяч і дев’ятий Прем'єр-міністр Австралії. За два дні після того, як його було приведено до присяги як Прем’єр-міністра, відбулася «Катастрофа на Волл-стріт 1929», що ознаменувала початок Великої Депресії і, як наслідок, . (uk) جيمس هنري سكولين (18 سبتمبر 1876 - 28 يناير 1953)، سياسي من حزب العمال الأسترالي ورئيس وزراء أستراليا التاسع. قاد سكولين حزب العمال إلى الحكومة في انتخابات عام 1929. حدث انهيار وول ستريت عام 1929 بعد يومين فقط من أدائه القسم، وهو ما كان بمثابة بداية للكساد الكبير في أستراليا. سرعان ما طغت الأزمة الاقتصادية على إدارة سكولين، إذ تسببت الخلافات الشخصية والسياسية في انقسام ثلاثي لحزبه من شأنه أن يسقط الحكومة في أواخر عام 1931. وعلى الرغم من فترة ولايته الفوضوية، ظل سكولين شخصية بارزة في حزب العمال طوال حياته. شغل منصب رئيس الوزراء في مناصب مختلفة للحزب حتى تقاعده في عام 1949. (ar) James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 January 1953) was an Australian Labor Party politician and the ninth Prime Minister of Australia. Scullin led Labor to government at the 1929 Australian federal election. He was the first Catholic, as well as Irish-Australian, to serve as Prime Minister of Australia. The Wall Street Crash of 1929 transpired just two days after his swearing in, which would herald the beginning of the Great Depression in Australia. Scullin's administration would soon be overwhelmed by the economic crisis, with interpersonal and policy disagreements causing a three-way split of his party that would bring down the government in late 1931. Despite his chaotic term of office, Scullin remained a leading figure in the Labor movement throughout his lifetime, and served as (en) James Henry Scullin australiar politikaria izan zen. Australiako 9. lehen ministroa izan zen 1929tik 1932ra. Irlandar jatorriko langile klaseko familia batean jaio zen. Langile eta dendari lanetan aritu zen . Autodidakta izan zen eta 1903an sartu zen Australiako Alderdi Laboristan. 1910ean aukeratu zuten lehen aldiz parlamentuko kide eta berriro 1922an. 1949 arte egon zen diputatu. * Datuak: Q23362 * Multimedia: James Scullin (eu) James Henry Scullin (18 September 1876 – 28 Januari 1953), adalah politikus Partai Buruh Australia yang menjabat sebagai Perdana Menteri Australia ke-9 dari tahun 1929 sampai tahun 1932. Ia adalah anggota Parlemen Australia untuk divisi elektoral dari tahun 1922 sampai tahun 1949. Scullin memimpin Partai Buruh hingga mengambil alih pemerintahan pada . Runtuhnya Wall Street 1929 terjadi hanya dua hari setelah ia disumpah sebagai perdana menteri. Keruntuhan Wall Street 1929 menyebabkan . Scullin sudah berada dalam posisi politik yang lemah, dan cobaan krisis ekonomi terbukti terlalu berat Scullin. Ditambah perselisihan antarpribadi dan perselisihan kebijakan yang akhirnya menyebabkan perpecahan tiga arah di dalam partainya, pemerintahannya jatuh pada akhir tahun 1931. Meskipun terjadi kekac (in) 詹姆士·亨利·斯卡林（英語：James Henry Scullin，1876年9月18日－1953年1月28日），昵称“吉姆·斯卡林”（Jim Scullin），是澳大利亚工党籍政治家，第九任澳大利亚总理。斯卡林1929年带领工党赢得大选。就职两天后发生1929年华尔街股灾，并在澳大利亚引发大萧条。斯卡林政府因此被经济危机困扰，同时人际关系问题和政策分歧导致党内分裂为三派，因此1931年末政府倒台。虽然他的总理任期内政府相当混乱，斯卡林在世时一直是工党劳工运动内的领导人物，在卸任总理后在党内担任要职直到1949年退休。 斯卡林的父母是工人阶级的爱尔兰移民，斯卡林早年在巴拉瑞特做过劳力工并经营过杂货铺。他自学了文化知识，并热衷辩论，在1903加入工党，开始了跨越50年的政治生涯。入党后，他担任了政治组织职务和党营报刊编辑，1910年首次入选澳大利亚众议院，1922年再次当选并担任议员至1949年。在国会，斯卡林很快成为工党的领导性人物之一，1927年成为副党魁，1928年成为党魁、反对党领袖。 (zh) |
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James Scullin (en) جيمس سكولين (ar) James Scullin (de) James Scullin (es) James Scullin (eu) James Scullin (ga) James Scullin (in) James Scullin (fr) James Scullin (it) 제임스 스컬린 (ko) James Scullin (pl) James Scullin (nl) Скаллин, Джеймс Генри (ru) Джеймс Скаллін (uk) 詹姆斯·斯卡林 (zh) |
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