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جون ميرسر لانغستون (بالإنجليزية: John Mercer Langston) (14 ديسمبر 1829-15 نوفمبر 1897): مناصر لإلغاء العبودية ومحامٍ ومربٍّ وناشط ودبلوماسي وسياسي في الولايات المتحدة. وهو أمريكي من أصل أفريقي، أصبح أول عميد لكلية الحقوق في جامعة هوارد وساعد على إنشاء القسم. كان أول رئيس لما يدعى الآن جامعة ولاية فرجينيا، وهي كلية سوداء تاريخيًا. وُلد حرًا في فرجينيا لسيدة حرة من عرق مختلط ووالد زارع (طبقة اجتماعية) أبيض، في عام 1888 انتُخب لانغستون للكونغرس الأمريكي مشكِّلًا أول ممثل للألوان من فرجينيا. انتُخب جوزيف هاين ريني، عضو الكونغرس الجمهوري الأسود من ولاية كارولينا الجنوبية، عام 1870 خلال عصر إعادة الإعمار. في عصر جيم كرو في القرن التاسع عشر، كان لانغستون واحدًا من خمسة أمريكيين من أصل أفريقي انتُخبوا للكونغرس من الجنوب قبل أن تصدر الولايات الكونفدرالية السابقة الدساتير والقواعد الانتخابية بين عامي 1890 و1908، وقد كانت في الأساس تحرم السود من حق الاقتراع، وتبعدهم عن السياسة. بعد ذلك، لم يُنتخَب أي أمريكي من أصل أفريقي من الجنوب حتى عام 1973، عند قبول قانون حقوق الاقتراع الفيدرالي لعام 1965 لفرض حقوق الامتياز الدستوري. تمركزت مسيرة لانغستون المبكرة في أوهايو، حيث بدأ مع شقيقه الأكبر تشارلز هنري لانغستون عمله الذي استمر طوال حياته من أجل الحرية للأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي والتعليم والمساواة في الحقوق والاقتراع. في عام 1855 كان من أوائل الأمريكيين من أصل أفريقي في الولايات المتحدة ممن انتُخبوا للمناصب العامة، إذ انتُخب أمين سر البلدية في أوهايو. كان الأخوان عراب وعم الشاعر الشهير لانغستون هيوز، على التوالي. (ar) John Mercer Langston (* 14. Dezember 1829 im Louisa County, Virginia; † 15. November 1897 in Washington, D.C.) war ein Rechtsanwalt und Politiker aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Neben Frederick Douglass war er einer der bekanntesten und einflussreichsten Bürgerrechtler des 19. Jahrhunderts. Er war der erste Afroamerikaner, der für Virginia ins Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten gewählt wurde. Langston wurde als jüngster Sohn des weißen Plantagenbesitzers Ralph Quarles und der aufgestiegenen ehemaligen Sklavin Lucy Langston geboren. Seine Mutter war indischer und schwarzer Abstammung. Nachdem seine Eltern im Jahre 1834 früh gestorben waren, erlaubte ihm das hinterlassene Vermögen, in Oberlin, Ohio die Schule zu besuchen. 1849 schloss er das Studium am College ab und nahm die Arbeit als Anwalt in dieser Stadt auf. 1864 wurde er Präsident der . Im Bürgerkrieg rekrutierte er schwarze Soldaten für die Truppen der Nordstaaten. Von 1877 bis 1885 fungierte er als amerikanischer Gesandter in Haiti, wo er mit ebenfalls einem Afroamerikaner folgte. Ab 1884 fungierte er auch als Chargé d’Affaires in der benachbarten Dominikanischen Republik. 1888 kandidierte Langston als Republikaner für das Repräsentantenhaus und wandte sich mit der Aufforderung an die schwarze Bevölkerung Virginias, ihn seiner Abstammung wegen zu wählen. Langston gewann die Wahl, stieß allerdings auch in seiner eigenen Partei auf Ablehnung. Als Führer der Schwarzen war Langston bekannt für häufige Meinungsumschwünge. In den 1870er-Jahren rief er die Schwarzen dazu auf, den Süden zu verlassen, um der Unterdrückung zu entkommen. Später nahm er an, mit steigendem Wohlstand und besserer Bildung würden sich die Spannungen zwischen Schwarzen und Weißen abbauen. Die Stadt in Oklahoma ist nach ihm benannt. (de) John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, activist, diplomat, and politician. He was the founding dean of the law school at Howard University and helped create the department. He was the first president of what is now Virginia State University, a historically black college. He was elected a U.S. Representative from Virginia and wrote From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol; Or, the First and Only Negro Representative in Congress From the Old Dominion. Born free in Virginia to a freedwoman of mixed ethnicity and a white English immigrant planter, in 1888 Langston was elected to the U.S. Congress. He was the first Representative of color from Virginia. Joseph Hayne Rainey, the black Republican congressman from South Carolina, had been elected in 1870 during the Reconstruction era. In the Jim Crow era of the later 19th century, Langston was one of five African Americans elected to Congress from the South before the former Confederate states passed constitutions and electoral rules from 1890 to 1908 that essentially disenfranchised blacks, excluding them from politics. After that, no African Americans would be elected from the South until 1973, after the federal Voting Rights Act of 1965 was passed authorizing the enforcement of their constitutional franchise rights. Langston's early career was based in Ohio where, with his older brother Charles Henry Langston, he began his lifelong work for African-American freedom, education, equal rights and suffrage. In 1855 he was one of the first African Americans in the United States elected to public office when elected as a town clerk in Ohio. The brothers were the grandfather and great-uncle, respectively, of the renowned poet Langston Hughes. (en) John Mercer Langston (né le 14 décembre 1829 et mort le 15 novembre 1897) est un avocat, enseignant, militant abolitionniste, diplomate et homme politique américain. Le début de sa carrière se déroule dans l'Ohio, où avec son frère aîné Charles Henry Langston, il commence à travailler en faveur des droits afro-américains et de l'égalité. Il est le premier doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Howard, dont il participe à la fondation. Il est également le premier président de ce qui est désormais l'université d'État de Virginie, une autre université traditionnellement noire. Né noir libre en Virginie, d'une métisse affranchie et d'un planteur blanc, il est élu au Congrès des États-Unis en 1888 et devient le premier représentant de couleur de la Virginie. Durant l'ère Jim Crow de la fin du XIXe siècle, Langston est l'un des cinq seuls Afro-Américains élus au Congrès pour le Sud des États-Unis, avant les anciens États confédérés n'adoptent des constitutions et des législations électorales visant à exclure les noirs de la politique. Après cela, aucun Afro-Américain ne sera élu dans le Sud avant 1972, quelques années après l'adoption du Voting Rights Act. (fr) |
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جون ميرسر لانغستون (بالإنجليزية: John Mercer Langston) (14 ديسمبر 1829-15 نوفمبر 1897): مناصر لإلغاء العبودية ومحامٍ ومربٍّ وناشط ودبلوماسي وسياسي في الولايات المتحدة. وهو أمريكي من أصل أفريقي، أصبح أول عميد لكلية الحقوق في جامعة هوارد وساعد على إنشاء القسم. كان أول رئيس لما يدعى الآن جامعة ولاية فرجينيا، وهي كلية سوداء تاريخيًا. (ar) John Mercer Langston (* 14. Dezember 1829 im Louisa County, Virginia; † 15. November 1897 in Washington, D.C.) war ein Rechtsanwalt und Politiker aus den Vereinigten Staaten. Neben Frederick Douglass war er einer der bekanntesten und einflussreichsten Bürgerrechtler des 19. Jahrhunderts. Er war der erste Afroamerikaner, der für Virginia ins Repräsentantenhaus der Vereinigten Staaten gewählt wurde. Die Stadt in Oklahoma ist nach ihm benannt. (de) John Mercer Langston (December 14, 1829 – November 15, 1897) was an American abolitionist, attorney, educator, activist, diplomat, and politician. He was the founding dean of the law school at Howard University and helped create the department. He was the first president of what is now Virginia State University, a historically black college. He was elected a U.S. Representative from Virginia and wrote From the Virginia Plantation to the National Capitol; Or, the First and Only Negro Representative in Congress From the Old Dominion. (en) John Mercer Langston (né le 14 décembre 1829 et mort le 15 novembre 1897) est un avocat, enseignant, militant abolitionniste, diplomate et homme politique américain. Le début de sa carrière se déroule dans l'Ohio, où avec son frère aîné Charles Henry Langston, il commence à travailler en faveur des droits afro-américains et de l'égalité. Il est le premier doyen de la faculté de droit de l'université Howard, dont il participe à la fondation. Il est également le premier président de ce qui est désormais l'université d'État de Virginie, une autre université traditionnellement noire. (fr) |
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جون ميرسر لانغستون (ar) John Mercer Langston (de) John Mercer Langston (fr) John Mercer Langston (en) |
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wikipedia-en:John_Mercer_Langston |